The international panel of experts on pediatric growth and nutrition，having reviewed and analyzed the existing evidence and guidelines on faltering growth（FG）in infants and young children under 2 years of age and published Catch-Up Growth in Infants and Young Children with Faltering Growth：Expert Opinion to Guide General Clinicians［hereinafter referred to as the FG Consensus（2023 Ed）］.It further clarifies the definition of FG and provides important recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with FG.The FG Consensus（2023 Ed）emphasizes the differences in the etiology and management of FG infants and young children under 2 years in countries with different income levels，which is a good guide to the clinical practice of FG infants and young children under 2 years.In order to help clinicians better identify and standardize the management of children with FG at an early stage，the authors intend to interpret the definitions of FG，catch-up growth and growth acceleration in the FG Consensus（2023 Ed），and the characteristics of infants and young children with FG，management measures，and diagnostic and nutritional measures in countries with different income levels.

Postpartum hemorrhage（PPH）is one of the most severe complications during childbirth and the leading cause of maternal mortality.Early identification and quantification of PPH risk are critical for guiding obstetric clinical practice，enabling timely preventive and therapeutic interventions，and reducing severe complications associated with PPH.This article aims to elaborate on the latest research status of PPH definitions and risk factors，and the clinical application and clinical significance of major risk assessment tools，numerical simulation models，and early warning systems （EWS），in order to assist in the clinical management of PPH.

Objective

To explore the detection performance of comprehensive analysis of fragile X syrdrome （CAFXS）based on long fragment PCR （LR-PCR）combined with long read sequencing（LRS）in the detection of fragile X mental retardation 1（FMR1）gene.

Methods

A total of 33 participants with FXS/premutation carriers and their family members who underwent expanded carrier screening or visited the genetic counseling clinic at Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital from July 2021 to July 2023 were selected into this study.CAFXS was adopted to detect CGG repeats，AGG insertions of FMR1 gene，and single nucleotide variation （SNV），insertions/deletions（InDels），microdeletions within exon 1 of FMR1 gene.At the same time，trinucleotide repeat primer PCR （TP-PCR）combined with capillary electrophoresis（CE）was used to detect the CGG repeats，and were compared the detection results with CAFXS were compared.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital （2024KY-152）.Informed consents were obtained from participants or their guardians.

Results

①The results of CAFXS and TP-PCR/CE for detecting FMR1 genotype were consistent.Among the 33 participants，there were 10 cases of full mutation，9 cases of pre-mutation，7 cases of intermediate type and 7 cases of normal type.②Among the 33 participants，CAFXS detected 73 AGG insertions in 33 subjects，involving 36 AGG insertion patterns，among which the highest frequency was 9A9A9（24.6%）.③Among the 33 participants，CAFXS detected 9 cases （27.3%）of CGG repeats mosaicism，including pre-mutation/full-mutation mosaicism（6 cases），full-mutation mosaicism（2 cases）and normal mosaicism（1 case）.④No rare SNV，InDel and microdeletions within exon 1 of FMR1 gene were detected in 33 subjects.

Conclusions

CAFXS could analyze FMR1 gene comprehensively and accurately，and could provide more genetic information for clinical practice.

In recent years，the incidence of recurrent spontaneous abortion（RSA）has shown an increasing trend，and has become an important issue in the field of reproductive health.The etiology of RSA in women of childbearing age is very complex，and with the development of medical genetics and reproductive genetics，people have gained more in-depth understanding of etiology of genetics factors associated with RSA.This review elaborates on progress of research on genetics factors of RSA，including chromosome abnormalities in couples，chromosomal abnormalities in embryos and genetic variants，and discusses the future direction of genetic testing for RSA and ethical issues that may be involved，with the aim of providing references for clinical diagnosis and treatment of genetic factors underlying etiology of RSA.

Intraventricular hemorrhage（IVH）in preterm infants is a significant complication leading to mortality and severe neurological disabilities，particularly in preterm infants with a gestational age＜32 weeks.In recent years，the number of preterm infants receiving medical treatment in China has significantly increased，and the survival rates of very preterm infants（gestational age ≥28-31 weeks）/extremely preterm infants （gestational age＜28 weeks）have greatly improved.However，the incidence of IVH in extremely preterm infants remains high at 48%，with the occurrence of severe IVH showing an annual upward trend，markedly higher than that in developed countries，garnering significant attention.Currently，there is no expert consensus or guideline for the prevention of IVH in preterm infants within China.Therefore，the Neonatologist Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association and the Neonatologist Branch of the Beijing Medical Doctor Association have organized experts to develop ExpertConsensusonPreventionof IntraventricularHemorrhageinPretermInfants（2025）（hereinafter referred to as ThisConsensus）.These initiatives in ThisConsensus is based on reference to relevant research progress and clinical guidelines both domestically and internationally，aiming to further standardize the prevention and clinical management of IVH in preterm infants，reduce the incidence of IVH，and improve both shortterm and long-term neurological development outcomes for preterm infants.

Those who give birth with a gestational age of 28-36⁺⁶ weeks of gestation are defined as preterm birth.The incidence of preterm birth in countries around the world is 4%-16%，and about 7%in China.Premature infants are prone to serious complications such as neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and neonatal respiratory d istress syndrome.However，the mechanism of preterm birth has not been clinically elucidated，and there is no particularly effective method for prediction and prevention.More and more scholars are using omics to study the mechanism of preterm birth，including genomics，microbiomics，transcriptomics，proteomics，metabolomics，etc.，and have discovered many potential related genes，mechanisms of action and maternal biomarkers，such as CPPED1 gene，Wnt signaling pathway and fetal fibronectin （f FN）.The authors intend to focus on the latest research status of omics research related to the molecular mechanism of preterm birth，including genomics，microbiomics，transcriptomics，proteomics，metabolomics，etc.，aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the clinical prediction and diagnosis and treatment of preterm birth.

In recent years，forms of childbearing are experiencing significant changes globally.This article synthesizes and analyzes the current status of progress in perinatal medicine and coping strategies in prenatal care under the new reproductive situation.It aims to provide valuable information and recommendations for professionals and policy makers in related fields.

Obesity is a chronic nutritional disorder caused by multiple factors，such as genetics，environment，diet，behavior，diseases，and medications.It is one of the most significant public health challenges of the 21st century.Childhood obesity i ncreases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases，diabetes，musculoskeletal disorders，and certain types of cancer in adulthood.Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFAS）are classified as environmental endocrine disruptors（EED）and consist of a large synthetic fluorinated hydrocarbon compounds that have been used since the 1940s.They have stable physicochemical properties and exert various toxic effects on the human body.Currently，a large number of experimental and epidemiological research results have shown that children's exposure to PFAS is closely related to the occurrence of childhood obesity.This article will provide a comprehensive review of the latest research progress on the relationship between PFAS exposure and childhood obesity，the relationship between PFAS's mechanism on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism and childhood obesity.

Venous thromboembolism（VTE）is at much higher risk in pregnant and puerperal women than in non-pregnant women and remains one of the leading causes of maternal death despite intensive prevention and control.However，up to now there have been relatively few studies in China on the long-term prognosis of patients with pregnancy-related deep vein thrombosis （DVT），especially on pregnancy outcomes of maternal and infant.This review intends to summarize the latest research progress and current situation among the incidence and pathogenesis of pregnancy-related DVT，and treatment and prognosis，long-term quality of life，death，recurrence of pregnancy-related DVT，and problems in prognosis of pregnancy-related DVT，in order to improve obstetrical department's attention to poor prognosis of pregnancy-related DVT，and provide reference for future related research and clinical norms of pregnancy-related DVT.

Congenital abdominal wall defects （CAWD）are defects in the development of the abdominal wall at birth，resulting in the formation of defects in the abdominal muscles，skin and other tissues on the abdominal surface，the most common of which are gastroschisis and omphalocele.The causes of CAWD are not fully understood，but research suggests that genetic variations，environmental and nutritional factors may be involved.With advances in human science and technology，prenatal screening and molecular medical research have made it possible to diagnose and treat CAWD child early.In recent years，the incidence of CAWD has gradually increased worldwide，and it will have a serious impact on the life of patients，even life-threatening.At present，the main treatment methods for CAWD are surgical repair of defects，and the therapeutic effect is closely related to the size of the defect and the timing of surgery.With the development of genetic testing technology，the pathogenesis of CAWD has been gradually clarified and have begun to try to improve the quality of life of patients through gene therapy.The author intends to review the latest research progress of embryological background，molecular mechanism，environmental and other influencing factors，innovative treatments，and the prenatal screening and public health management strategies of CAWD，in order to provide reference for the research and treatment of related diseases.

In recent years，with the widespread use of assisted reproductive technology and the increase in intrauterine procedures，the number of patients experiencing re-pregnancy after uterine injury has risen，along with a growing incidence of postpartum intrauterine retained products of conception （RPOC）.Postpartum RPOC can lead to complications such as late postpartum hemorrhage（PPH）and infections.Currently，there is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria for RPOC，nor are there clear recommendations regarding the selection of appropriate clinical treatment plans or timing.This article aims to review the latest research on the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of RPOC，as well as the most suitable treatment options and timing，to provide guidance for clinical management and future research directions in the follow-up of postpartum RPOC patients.

Objective

To explore the clinical characteristics and coronary artery lesions （CAL）in children with incomplete Kawasaki disease （IKD），and the differences of those between children with IKD and children with complete Kawasaki disease （CKD）.

Methods

A total of 192 cases of children with Kawasaki disease who were hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University from January 2018 to December 2023 were selected as research subjects.They were included into CKD group （n=114）and IKD group （n=78）according to the clinical diagnosis.The differences of clinical manifestations，laboratory examination and echocardiography results between two groups of children were statistically compared by independent-samples t test，Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test.The procedure followed in this study was approved by Ethics Committee of Bengbu Medical University（Approval No.2021-238），and all the guardians signed informed consent forms for the clinical study.

Results

①The age of children，and the incidence of conjunctival congestion，oral mucosal changes，pleomorphic rash，extremity changes and cervical lymphadenopathy，and hemoglobin（Hb）levels in IKD group were less or lower than those in CKD group；however，the fever duration，incidence of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scar redness and serum alanine aminotransferase（ALT）levels were longer or higher than those in CKD group，and all these differences were statistcally significant （P＜0.05）.②The incidence of CAL at the time of diagnosis and the incidence of medium or giant coronary artery aneurysms（CAA）at 6 months of follow-up in IKD group were 29.5%and 7.7%，respectively，which were higher than those of 16.7%and 0.9%in CKD group，and the differences were statistically significant （χ² =4.45，P =0.035；P =0.019）.There were no significant differences between two groups in the incidence of mild coronary artery dilation or small CAA，medium or giant CAA，left CAL （LCAL）and right CAL （RCAL）at the time of diagnosis，and incidence of CAL，mild coronary a rtery dilation or small CAA，LCAL and RCAL at 6 months of follow-up （P＞0.05）.

Conclusions

Compared to children with CKD，children with IKD had younger age of onset，lower Hb levels，longer duration of fever，higher incidence of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scar redness and ALT levels，were more likely to develop CAL，and slower recovery of CAA within 6 months of follow-up after discharge.

Childhood asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease in children，characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing，breathlessness，and coughing.The pathological mechanisms of childhood asthma include airway inflammation，airway hyperresponsiveness（AHR），and airway remodeling（AR），which can lead to airflow obstruction and respiratory difficulty in children.The causes of childhood asthma are complex，involving both genetic and environmental factors，which can cause children's trachea to be sensitive to various stimulating factor.Recent studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinases（MMP）play an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma.MMP can regulate the degradation of extracellular matrix（ECM）to promote the migration of inflammatory cells and structural changes in the trachea，thereby affecting the progression of asthma.Currently，targeted therapies for childhood asthma using MMP as a target have shown positive therapeutic effects in both clinical and preclinical studies.In the future，by further studying the complex regulatory mechanisms of MMP in childhood asthma，it is hoped to develop more effective targeted treatment strategies，thereby improving the quality of life for asthma patients and providing insights for the treatment of other chronic airway diseases.In this article，the authors will discuss the latest research progress on the role of MMP in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma and the targeted treatment of asthma patients using MMP.

Cervical adenocarcinoma insitu （AIS），as a precancerous lesion of cervical adenocarcinoma（CA），has a high risk of progressing to invasive cancer.Due to the atypical clinical manifestations，insidious lesions and the insensitivity of existing cervical cancer screening methods，there are certain difficulties and challenges in the early detection and diagnosis of AIS.At present，the"3-step"cervical lesion diagnosis ThinPrep liquid-based cytology test（TCT）combined with high-risk human papillomavirus（HPV）preliminary screening+colposcopy+histopathology is generally adopted at home and abroad，in which TCT combined with high-risk HPV preliminary screening gradually transitions to high-risk HPV preliminary screening.Some new techniques of cervical cancer screening，such as DNA ploidy a nalysis and p16/Ki-67 double staining of cervical exfoliated cells，have been gradually applied in clinical practice.With the rise of medical and industrial integration，the application of computer-aided diagnosis and image recognition technology in cervical cancer screening is also being further studied and developed.This article elaborates on the latest research status on early warning efficacy of different screening methods on cervical AIS.

Objective

To investigate the influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with cervical incompetence（CI）during the second trimester after emergency cervical cerclage （ECC），and establish and validate a risk prediction model for adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

A total of 208 CI pregnant women during the second trimester who were treated with vaginal ECC in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian Hospital from March 2017 to April 2023 were selected as study objects.According to the pregnancy o utcomes of CI pregnant women，they were included into study group （n=95，those with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as premature birth，neonatal asphyxia，and stillbirth）and control group （n=113，those with normal newborn deliveries）by retrospective method.The clinical data of pregnant women in two groups were collected retrospectively.Independent-samples t test or chi-square test was used to conduct univariate analysis of the influencing factors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in CI pregnant women during the second trimester after vaginal ECC，and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to conduct multivariate analysis.The influencing factors screened out in multivariate analysis were used to construct a nomogram model for the risk of adverse pregnancy o utcomes in CI pregnant women during the second trimester after vaginal ECC，and to validate the model.This study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian Hospital（Approval No.2024040）.

Results

①Among the 208 pregnant women，95 had adverse pregnancy outcomes，including 23 cases of neonatal asphyxia，29 cases of premature delivery and 43 cases of stillbirth.②Results of univariate analysis showed that the proportions of previous history of miscarriage during the second trimester，multipara and singleton pregnancy and the cervical dilation diameter in ECC were significantly higher or longer than those in control group，while the proportion of first trimester miscarriage history and cervical length in ECC were significantly lower or shorter than those in control group，and all the differences were statistically significant（P＜0.05）.③Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the previous history of miscarriage during the second trimester （OR=6.721，95%CI：2.830-15.966，P ＜0.001），multipara（OR=9.397，95%CI：3.734-23.652，P＜0.001）and large cervical dilation diameter in ECC （OR=11 562.700，95%CI：466.843-286 382.987，P ＜0.001）were independent risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes after vaginal ECC in CI women during the second trimester，while large cervical length in ECC was its independent protective factor （OR=0.042，95%CI：0.004-0.438，P=0.008）.And a nomogram prediction model for predicting the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with CI during the second trimester after vaginal ECC was established based on these four influencing factors.④Results of internal verification of the nomogram prediction model by Bootstrap method showed that C-index of the prediction model was 0.92（95%CI：0.86-0.97），which had good differentiation.Calibration curve analysis results showed that the ideal curve and calibration curve fit well.Hosmer-Lemeshow test results showed that there was no statistical significance between the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome predicted by the nomogram prediction model and the actual risk after vaginal ECC in CI pregnant women during the second trimester （χ²=0.24，P=0.624）.The results of receiver operating characteristic curve（ROC）analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the model in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes after vaginal ECC were 80.1%（95%CI：71.9%-87.3%）and 85.2%（95%CI：78.0%-92.1%），and the area under the curve（AUC）was 0.91（95%CI：0.87-0.95）.

Conclusions

Previous history of miscarriage during the second trimester，multipara，cervical dilation diameter in ECC，and intraoperative cervical length in ECC are related to the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes after vaginal ECC in CI pregnant women during the second trimester.The construction of a nomogram model in this study is helpful for early screening of CI pregnant women at high risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes after transvaginal ECC.

Objective

To investigate the results of high-throughput sequencing of placenta and membrane flora abundance in premature rupture of membranes （PROM）and normal pregnant women，and to analyze the differences.

Methods

Fifteen pregnant women who gave birth in the Department of Obstetrics，the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2019 to February 2020 were selected as study subjects.According to whether PROM occurred or not and their gestational age at the time of PROM occurrence，they were included into preterm PROM（PPROM）group（n=5，PPROM pregnant women），term PROM （TPROM）group（n=6，TPROM pregnant women）and control group（n=4，pregnant women without PROM）.Immediately after placenta delivery，one sample of tissue from fetal face and maternal face placenta and fetal membrane was collected from pregnant women in three groups.The flora DNA in placenta and fetal membrane tissues was extracted，and the high variable region V3-V4 of 16S ribosomal RNA（r RNA）gene was sequenced with high throughput，and the flora structure of phylum and genus in the placenta and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in three groups was analyzed.Metastats software was used to compare the relative abundance of bacteria in placenta and fetal membranes tissues in PPROM group and control group，TPROM group and control group，PPROM group and TPROM group by parameter T test.There were no significant differences in the general clinical data such as age and weight of pregnant women during delivery among three groups （P ＞0.05）.The procedure followed in this study met the requirements of the WorldMedicalAssociationDeclaration ofHelsinki revised in 2013.

Results

①The difference in gestational age of pregnant women among three groups was statistically significant（F=18.65，P＜0.001）.②At the phylum level，there were 7 phyla with relative abundance＞0.1%in the placental and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in three groups：Firmicutes，Bacteroidetes，Spirochaetes，Proteobacteria，Actinobacteria，Cyanobacteria，and Fusobacteria.③At the genus level，there were 6 species of bacteria with relative abundance＞0.1%in the placental and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in three groups：uncultured bacterium，Lactobacillus，Clostridium，Streptococcus，Catenibacterium，Treponema.④The difference analysis of genus level bacterial flora in placenta and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in three groups showed that the relative abundance of Clostridium，Streptococcus，unclassified bacteria and Treponema in placenta and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in PPROM and TPROM groups were significantly higher than those in control group，while the relative abundance of Streptobacillus in PPROM and TPROM groups were significantly lower than that in control group，and all the differences were statistically significant （P＜0.05）.

Conclusions

The placenta and fetal membranes of normal pregnant women and PPROM and TPROM pregnant women are not sterile，and the distribution of placenta and fetal membrane flora among them is diverse.Compared with normal pregnant women，the diversity of placenta and fetal membrane flora of PROM pregnant women is consistent，but the abundance of some flora is obviously different.

In 2024，the Italian Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology （SIGO）released the Italianguidelinesonnon-invasiveandinvasiveprenataldiagnosis：executivesummaryof recommendationsforpracticetheItalianSocietyforObstetricsandGynecology（SIGO） （hereinafter referred to as the"PD Guidelines"）addressing the application of invasive and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.The guidelines are founded on the best available evidence from current literature and provide recommendations for common issues in prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis，aiming to optimize prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis procedures.The authors intend to compare various prenatal screening protocols in the PD Guidelines，and provide detailed explanations on the recommendations for genetic counseling prior to invasive prenatal diagnosis，recommendations for invasive prenatal diagnosis for pregnant women with infectious diseases，genetic testing items for invasive prenatal diagnosis，and operational requirements.

Objective

To investigate the clinical effects of low intensity focused ultrasound（LIFU）on the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage（PPH）and the promotion of uterine involution in natural childbirth women.

Methods

A total of 405 women who underwent natural delivery in three hospitals in Chongqing from January to December 2023 were recruited as the study subjects.Using random number table method，405 women were randomly divided into treatment group （n=202）and control group （n=203）.The treatment group received 10 days treatment of LIFU for uterine involution starting 2 h after delivery.The control group received the same procedures without energy output of therapeutic equipment.The independent-samples t test and chi-square test were used to statistically analyze the general clinical information，the fundal height and fundal descent rate before and after treatment，the three-dimensional diameter difference index of the uterus before and after treatment，the amount of vaginal bleeding，the duration of lochia，and the incidence of postpartum complications between two groups.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University （Approval No.2021-664）.Informed consent forms were obtained from all subjects.

Results

①After LIFU treatment，the fundal height of treatment group was （12.5±4.9）cm，which was lower than that of（14.6±4.7）cm of control group；while the fundal descent rate of treatment group was（41.4±5.7）%，which was higher than that of （31.2±4.7）%of control group，and the differences were statistically significant （t=4.22，-19.48，all with P ＜0.001）.②After LIFU treatment，the longitudinal，anteroposterior and transverse uterine diameters in treatment group were shorter than control group，and the three-dimensional diameter difference index of the uterus before and after treatment was higher than that in control group，and the differences were statistically significant（all with P ＜0.001）.③The amount of postpartum bleeding within 24 h after delivery，the duration of bloody and serous lochia，and the incidence of PPH，late PPH and puerperal infection in treatment group were all lower or shorter than those in control group，and the differences were statistically significant （P＜0.05）.

Conclusions

LIFU has significant effects in preventing PPH and promoting uterine involution.Extending LIFU treatment duration （treatment for 10 days）can effectively reduce the risk of late PPH and puerperal infection.

Congenital heart disease（CHD）is the leading cause of death among infants with birth defects in China.The intrauterine diagnosis and treatment system for CHD advances the diagnosis and treatment window for severe CHD forward to fetal period，which is beneficial to the early health and long-term prognosis of CHD children.In the past 30 years，significant progress has been made in the fields of prenatal diagnosis，intrauterine intervention，and the establishment of intrauterine treatment systems for CHD at home and abroad.In the future，the innovation of CHD intrauterine diagnosis and treatment technology and improvement of its system will further promote the early diagnosis，early treatment and standardized management of severe CHD，and provide protection for healthy development of children throughout their life cycle.The authors intend to expound the latest research status of intrauterine diagnosis and treatment of CHD at home and abroad，and provide an outlook on intrauterine diagnosis and treatment of CHD in China，aiming to provide a reference for clinical research on improving early life health of CHD children.

Objective

To investigate the relationship between low level of serum placental growth factor （PLGF）in the second trimester pregnancy women and adverse fetal prognosis.

Methods

A total of 177 cases of pregnant women who received regular prenatal checkups in the Department of Obstetrics，Beijing Friendship Hospital，Capital Medical University from March 2023 to May 2024 were selected as research subjects.They were grouped into study group （n=87，serum PLGF level＜60 pg/m L during the second trimester）and control group （n=90，serum PLGF level≥60 pg/m L during the second trimester）according to the serum PLGF level during the second trimester by retrospective analysis method.The gestational age，premature delivery rate，birth weight of newborn，incidence of low birth weight，Apgar score at 1 min after birth，p H of umbilical artery and incidence of neonatal asphyxia of two groups were collected，and were statistically compared by independent-samples t test or chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability method.This study was in line with the requirements of World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki

Results

①The gestational age of study group was （33.6±3.1）gestational weeks，which was lower than that of control group （38.3±1.2）gestational weeks，while the premature delivery rate of study group was 12.6%（11/87），which was higher than that of control group （3.3%，3/90），and both the differences were statistically significant （t=4.45，P＜0.001； χ²=5.26，P=0.002）.②The birth weight of newborns in study group was（1 954±459）g，which was lower than that in control group（2 964±283）g，and the incidence of low birth weight infants in study group was 13.8%（12/87），which was higher than that in control group ^（2.2%，2/90），and both the differences were statistically significant（t=5.93，P＜0.001； χ²=8.13，P＜0.001）.③In study group，the Apgar score at 1 min after birth of neonate was（7.9±1.7）points，and the p H value of umbilical artery blood was 7.2±0.2，which were both lower than those of control group （9.3±1.1）points and 7.3±0.1 respectively，and both the differences were statistically significant （t=2.25，P=0.038；t=2.16，P=0.045）.④There was no significant difference in the incidence of neonatal asphyxia between two groups （P=0.362）.

Conclusions

Low level of serum PLGF in the second trimester is associated with adverse fetal prognosis，such as premature birth，low birth weight，low Apgar score at 1 min after birth，and low umbilical cord blood p H value in newborns.For pregnant women with low level of serum PLGF in clinical practice，it is necessary to strengthen prenatal examinations，identify high-risk groups early，so as to improve the prognosis of newborn.