Intraventricular hemorrhage（IVH）in preterm infants is a significant complication leading to mortality and severe neurological disabilities，particularly in preterm infants with a gestational age＜32 weeks.In recent years，the number of preterm infants receiving medical treatment in China has significantly increased，and the survival rates of very preterm infants（gestational age ≥28-31 weeks）/extremely preterm infants （gestational age＜28 weeks）have greatly improved.However，the incidence of IVH in extremely preterm infants remains high at 48%，with the occurrence of severe IVH showing an annual upward trend，markedly higher than that in developed countries，garnering significant attention.Currently，there is no expert consensus or guideline for the prevention of IVH in preterm infants within China.Therefore，the Neonatologist Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association and the Neonatologist Branch of the Beijing Medical Doctor Association have organized experts to develop ExpertConsensusonPreventionof IntraventricularHemorrhageinPretermInfants（2025）（hereinafter referred to as ThisConsensus）.These initiatives in ThisConsensus is based on reference to relevant research progress and clinical guidelines both domestically and internationally，aiming to further standardize the prevention and clinical management of IVH in preterm infants，reduce the incidence of IVH，and improve both shortterm and long-term neurological development outcomes for preterm infants.

Postpartum hemorrhage（PPH）is one of the most severe complications during childbirth and the leading cause of maternal mortality.Early identification and quantification of PPH risk are critical for guiding obstetric clinical practice，enabling timely preventive and therapeutic interventions，and reducing severe complications associated with PPH.This article aims to elaborate on the latest research status of PPH definitions and risk factors，and the clinical application and clinical significance of major risk assessment tools，numerical simulation models，and early warning systems （EWS），in order to assist in the clinical management of PPH.

In 2024，the Italian Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology （SIGO）released the Italianguidelinesonnon-invasiveandinvasiveprenataldiagnosis：executivesummaryof recommendationsforpracticetheItalianSocietyforObstetricsandGynecology（SIGO） （hereinafter referred to as the"PD Guidelines"）addressing the application of invasive and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis.The guidelines are founded on the best available evidence from current literature and provide recommendations for common issues in prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis，aiming to optimize prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis procedures.The authors intend to compare various prenatal screening protocols in the PD Guidelines，and provide detailed explanations on the recommendations for genetic counseling prior to invasive prenatal diagnosis，recommendations for invasive prenatal diagnosis for pregnant women with infectious diseases，genetic testing items for invasive prenatal diagnosis，and operational requirements.

Objective

To explore the detection performance of comprehensive analysis of fragile X syrdrome （CAFXS）based on long fragment PCR （LR-PCR）combined with long read sequencing（LRS）in the detection of fragile X mental retardation 1（FMR1）gene.

Methods

A total of 33 participants with FXS/premutation carriers and their family members who underwent expanded carrier screening or visited the genetic counseling clinic at Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital from July 2021 to July 2023 were selected into this study.CAFXS was adopted to detect CGG repeats，AGG insertions of FMR1 gene，and single nucleotide variation （SNV），insertions/deletions（InDels），microdeletions within exon 1 of FMR1 gene.At the same time，trinucleotide repeat primer PCR （TP-PCR）combined with capillary electrophoresis（CE）was used to detect the CGG repeats，and were compared the detection results with CAFXS were compared.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital （2024KY-152）.Informed consents were obtained from participants or their guardians.

Results

①The results of CAFXS and TP-PCR/CE for detecting FMR1 genotype were consistent.Among the 33 participants，there were 10 cases of full mutation，9 cases of pre-mutation，7 cases of intermediate type and 7 cases of normal type.②Among the 33 participants，CAFXS detected 73 AGG insertions in 33 subjects，involving 36 AGG insertion patterns，among which the highest frequency was 9A9A9（24.6%）.③Among the 33 participants，CAFXS detected 9 cases （27.3%）of CGG repeats mosaicism，including pre-mutation/full-mutation mosaicism（6 cases），full-mutation mosaicism（2 cases）and normal mosaicism（1 case）.④No rare SNV，InDel and microdeletions within exon 1 of FMR1 gene were detected in 33 subjects.

Conclusions

CAFXS could analyze FMR1 gene comprehensively and accurately，and could provide more genetic information for clinical practice.

Those who give birth with a gestational age of 28-36⁺⁶ weeks of gestation are defined as preterm birth.The incidence of preterm birth in countries around the world is 4%-16%，and about 7%in China.Premature infants are prone to serious complications such as neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and neonatal respiratory d istress syndrome.However，the mechanism of preterm birth has not been clinically elucidated，and there is no particularly effective method for prediction and prevention.More and more scholars are using omics to study the mechanism of preterm birth，including genomics，microbiomics，transcriptomics，proteomics，metabolomics，etc.，and have discovered many potential related genes，mechanisms of action and maternal biomarkers，such as CPPED1 gene，Wnt signaling pathway and fetal fibronectin （f FN）.The authors intend to focus on the latest research status of omics research related to the molecular mechanism of preterm birth，including genomics，microbiomics，transcriptomics，proteomics，metabolomics，etc.，aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the clinical prediction and diagnosis and treatment of preterm birth.

In recent years，with the widespread use of assisted reproductive technology and the increase in intrauterine procedures，the number of patients experiencing re-pregnancy after uterine injury has risen，along with a growing incidence of postpartum intrauterine retained products of conception （RPOC）.Postpartum RPOC can lead to complications such as late postpartum hemorrhage（PPH）and infections.Currently，there is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria for RPOC，nor are there clear recommendations regarding the selection of appropriate clinical treatment plans or timing.This article aims to review the latest research on the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of RPOC，as well as the most suitable treatment options and timing，to provide guidance for clinical management and future research directions in the follow-up of postpartum RPOC patients.

Obesity is a chronic nutritional disorder caused by multiple factors，such as genetics，environment，diet，behavior，diseases，and medications.It is one of the most significant public health challenges of the 21st century.Childhood obesity i ncreases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases，diabetes，musculoskeletal disorders，and certain types of cancer in adulthood.Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFAS）are classified as environmental endocrine disruptors（EED）and consist of a large synthetic fluorinated hydrocarbon compounds that have been used since the 1940s.They have stable physicochemical properties and exert various toxic effects on the human body.Currently，a large number of experimental and epidemiological research results have shown that children's exposure to PFAS is closely related to the occurrence of childhood obesity.This article will provide a comprehensive review of the latest research progress on the relationship between PFAS exposure and childhood obesity，the relationship between PFAS's mechanism on abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism and childhood obesity.

In recent years，forms of childbearing are experiencing significant changes globally.This article synthesizes and analyzes the current status of progress in perinatal medicine and coping strategies in prenatal care under the new reproductive situation.It aims to provide valuable information and recommendations for professionals and policy makers in related fields.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy（HIE）is a condition in newborns caused by insufficient cerebral perfusion due to prenatal or intrapartum hypoxia and asphyxia，resulting in brain injury and a series of neurological symptoms in clinical practice.HIE affects the quality of life of newborns and endangers their health，can lead to neonatal mortality，and is one of the main causes of long-term sequelae.HIE is related to multiple factors，and hypoxia is the main cause of HIE in newborns.Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography （aEEG）and head MRI examination are important diagnostic tools for HIE.The degree of HIE can be referred to the modified Sarnat standard.Mild hypothermia therapy is the main treatment method currently recognized for HIE，and some drug therapy and rare gas therapy may become new attempts for treating HIE in newborns.In this paper，the author intends to present the latest research findings on the etiology，diagnosis，degree classification，and treatment of HIE in newborns.

Objective

To investigate the clinical effects of low intensity focused ultrasound（LIFU）on the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage（PPH）and the promotion of uterine involution in natural childbirth women.

Methods

A total of 405 women who underwent natural delivery in three hospitals in Chongqing from January to December 2023 were recruited as the study subjects.Using random number table method，405 women were randomly divided into treatment group （n=202）and control group （n=203）.The treatment group received 10 days treatment of LIFU for uterine involution starting 2 h after delivery.The control group received the same procedures without energy output of therapeutic equipment.The independent-samples t test and chi-square test were used to statistically analyze the general clinical information，the fundal height and fundal descent rate before and after treatment，the three-dimensional diameter difference index of the uterus before and after treatment，the amount of vaginal bleeding，the duration of lochia，and the incidence of postpartum complications between two groups.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University （Approval No.2021-664）.Informed consent forms were obtained from all subjects.

Results

①After LIFU treatment，the fundal height of treatment group was （12.5±4.9）cm，which was lower than that of（14.6±4.7）cm of control group；while the fundal descent rate of treatment group was（41.4±5.7）%，which was higher than that of （31.2±4.7）%of control group，and the differences were statistically significant （t=4.22，-19.48，all with P ＜0.001）.②After LIFU treatment，the longitudinal，anteroposterior and transverse uterine diameters in treatment group were shorter than control group，and the three-dimensional diameter difference index of the uterus before and after treatment was higher than that in control group，and the differences were statistically significant（all with P ＜0.001）.③The amount of postpartum bleeding within 24 h after delivery，the duration of bloody and serous lochia，and the incidence of PPH，late PPH and puerperal infection in treatment group were all lower or shorter than those in control group，and the differences were statistically significant （P＜0.05）.

Conclusions

LIFU has significant effects in preventing PPH and promoting uterine involution.Extending LIFU treatment duration （treatment for 10 days）can effectively reduce the risk of late PPH and puerperal infection.

Objective

To investigate the results of high-throughput sequencing of placenta and membrane flora abundance in premature rupture of membranes （PROM）and normal pregnant women，and to analyze the differences.

Methods

Fifteen pregnant women who gave birth in the Department of Obstetrics，the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2019 to February 2020 were selected as study subjects.According to whether PROM occurred or not and their gestational age at the time of PROM occurrence，they were included into preterm PROM（PPROM）group（n=5，PPROM pregnant women），term PROM （TPROM）group（n=6，TPROM pregnant women）and control group（n=4，pregnant women without PROM）.Immediately after placenta delivery，one sample of tissue from fetal face and maternal face placenta and fetal membrane was collected from pregnant women in three groups.The flora DNA in placenta and fetal membrane tissues was extracted，and the high variable region V3-V4 of 16S ribosomal RNA（r RNA）gene was sequenced with high throughput，and the flora structure of phylum and genus in the placenta and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in three groups was analyzed.Metastats software was used to compare the relative abundance of bacteria in placenta and fetal membranes tissues in PPROM group and control group，TPROM group and control group，PPROM group and TPROM group by parameter T test.There were no significant differences in the general clinical data such as age and weight of pregnant women during delivery among three groups （P ＞0.05）.The procedure followed in this study met the requirements of the WorldMedicalAssociationDeclaration ofHelsinki revised in 2013.

Results

①The difference in gestational age of pregnant women among three groups was statistically significant（F=18.65，P＜0.001）.②At the phylum level，there were 7 phyla with relative abundance＞0.1%in the placental and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in three groups：Firmicutes，Bacteroidetes，Spirochaetes，Proteobacteria，Actinobacteria，Cyanobacteria，and Fusobacteria.③At the genus level，there were 6 species of bacteria with relative abundance＞0.1%in the placental and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in three groups：uncultured bacterium，Lactobacillus，Clostridium，Streptococcus，Catenibacterium，Treponema.④The difference analysis of genus level bacterial flora in placenta and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in three groups showed that the relative abundance of Clostridium，Streptococcus，unclassified bacteria and Treponema in placenta and fetal membrane tissue samples of pregnant women in PPROM and TPROM groups were significantly higher than those in control group，while the relative abundance of Streptobacillus in PPROM and TPROM groups were significantly lower than that in control group，and all the differences were statistically significant （P＜0.05）.

Conclusions

The placenta and fetal membranes of normal pregnant women and PPROM and TPROM pregnant women are not sterile，and the distribution of placenta and fetal membrane flora among them is diverse.Compared with normal pregnant women，the diversity of placenta and fetal membrane flora of PROM pregnant women is consistent，but the abundance of some flora is obviously different.

Objective

To explore the diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy complicated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura （TTP）.

Methods

Two cases of pregnancy complicated with TTP admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University on September 3，2022，and February 17，2024（patient 1 and patient 2）were selected as the subjects of this study.A retrospective analysis of their clinical characteristics，laboratory test results，diagnosis and treatment processes，and outcomes was conducted.Additionally，literature related to TTP in pregnancy from domestic and international databases was searched to summarize the clinical manifestations，diagnosis，and treatment of pregnancy complicated with TTP.The procedures followed in this study complied with the requirements of the 2013 revision of the WorldMedicalAssociationDeclarationofHelsinki.

Results

①patient 1 was admitted due to"amenorrhea at 36⁺³ weeks，both lower limb edema for 2 weeks，and elevated blood pressure for 2 days"，with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus（SLE）.At 36⁺³ weeks of gestation，she developed severe decrease of platelet count（PLT）and hemolytic anemia，which led to the consideration of"lupus crisis"，then an emergency cesarean section was performed.According to the activity of ADAMTS13 was measured to be 0.1%，patient 1 was confirmed the diagnosis of SLE complicated with TTP.After platelet transfusion，red blood cell transfusion，plasma exchange，and corticosteroid therapy for patient 1，she was successfully treated.②Patient 2 was admitted due to"elevated liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia for 6⁺h after cesarean section".At 36⁺⁴ weeks of gestation，she underwent an emergency cesarean section due to severe preeclampsia （sPE）.Postoperatively，she experienced a decrease in PLT and an increase in liver enzymes，suspected to have hemolysis，elevated liver enzymes，low platelet count（HELLP）syndrome.Subsequently，the PLT further decreased，accompanied by h emolytic anemia.According to the activity and inhibitor of ADAMTS13 test results，a diagnosis of TTP was confirmed of patient 2.Patient 2 was discharged after plasma exchange，blood product transfusion，and blood purification therapy，and her renal function returned to normal after a 1-month follow-up.③A search conducted according to the literature search strategy set in this study showed a total of 97 pieces of literature about pregnancy complicated with TTP，including 125 cases of pregnancy complicated with TTP，and plus 2 cases （patient 1 and patient 2），there were 127 cases of pregnancy complicated with TTP.The analysis of case data of 127 cases showed that 63 cases （49.6%）presented with the TTP triad，and 8 cases （6.3%）presented with the TTP pentad；58 cases （45.7%）underwent ADAMTS13 activity testing，with 48 cases （82.8%）showing severe reduction in activity；100 cases （78.7%）underwent plasma exchange treatment，with 25 cases （25.0%）resulting in death，and among the 27 cases（21.3%）who did not receive plasma exchange treatment，12 cases （44.4%）resulting in death.

Conclusions

Pregnancy is one of the triggers for TTP in pregnant women，and pregnant women with clinical manifestations of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia （MAHA）and thrombocytopenia should be vigilant about this disease.ADAMTS13 activity t esting aids in the diagnosis of TTP.Plasma exchange is an effective treatment measure for pregnant women with TTP after delivery.

Childhood asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease in children，characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing，breathlessness，and coughing.The pathological mechanisms of childhood asthma include airway inflammation，airway hyperresponsiveness（AHR），and airway remodeling（AR），which can lead to airflow obstruction and respiratory difficulty in children.The causes of childhood asthma are complex，involving both genetic and environmental factors，which can cause children's trachea to be sensitive to various stimulating factor.Recent studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinases（MMP）play an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma.MMP can regulate the degradation of extracellular matrix（ECM）to promote the migration of inflammatory cells and structural changes in the trachea，thereby affecting the progression of asthma.Currently，targeted therapies for childhood asthma using MMP as a target have shown positive therapeutic effects in both clinical and preclinical studies.In the future，by further studying the complex regulatory mechanisms of MMP in childhood asthma，it is hoped to develop more effective targeted treatment strategies，thereby improving the quality of life for asthma patients and providing insights for the treatment of other chronic airway diseases.In this article，the authors will discuss the latest research progress on the role of MMP in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma and the targeted treatment of asthma patients using MMP.

Cervical adenocarcinoma insitu （AIS），as a precancerous lesion of cervical adenocarcinoma（CA），has a high risk of progressing to invasive cancer.Due to the atypical clinical manifestations，insidious lesions and the insensitivity of existing cervical cancer screening methods，there are certain difficulties and challenges in the early detection and diagnosis of AIS.At present，the"3-step"cervical lesion diagnosis ThinPrep liquid-based cytology test（TCT）combined with high-risk human papillomavirus（HPV）preliminary screening+colposcopy+histopathology is generally adopted at home and abroad，in which TCT combined with high-risk HPV preliminary screening gradually transitions to high-risk HPV preliminary screening.Some new techniques of cervical cancer screening，such as DNA ploidy a nalysis and p16/Ki-67 double staining of cervical exfoliated cells，have been gradually applied in clinical practice.With the rise of medical and industrial integration，the application of computer-aided diagnosis and image recognition technology in cervical cancer screening is also being further studied and developed.This article elaborates on the latest research status on early warning efficacy of different screening methods on cervical AIS.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation（DIC）in obstetrics is one of the serious complications，characterized by diverse clinical manifestations，rapid disease progression，and complex of coagulation dysfunction，which greatly increase the difficulty of early diagnosis and treatment of pregnant women with DIC.The diagnosis of obstetrics DIC is mainly relied on a comprehensive assessment of the underlying diseases，characteristic clinical manifestations，and laboratory test results，while the key to a good prognosis of obstetrics DIC pregnant women lies on early identification and appropriate intervention.DIC scoring system in obstetrics came into being as a convenient，accurate，intuitive and quantifiable diagnostic method.At present，there are different obstetric DIC scoring systems both domestically and internationally.The author intends to systematically elaborate the definition of obstetric DIC，incidence and adverse outcomes of pregnant women and puerpera，and their children，physiological hypercoagulability during pregnancy，pathogenesis and pathological characteristics of obstetric DIC，clinical manifestations and laboratory indicators of pregnant women and puerpera，as well as the latest research status of the evolution of diagnostic criteria and scoring system for obstetric DIC，in order to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of obstetric DIC patients.

Objective

To investigate the effect and mechanism of inosine inhibiting the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore （mPTP）on hypoxic/reoxygenation （H/R）-induced apoptosis of human chorionic trophoblast cells （HTR-8/SVneo cell line）.

Methods

Human chorionic trophoblast cells （HTR-8/Svneo cell line）was used as research material，and H/R-induced HTR-8/SVneo cell model was established invitro.According to the cell culture mode，HTR-8/SVneo cells were divided into 4 groups：H/R group（n=3，only H/R-induced），H/R+inosine group（n=3，H/R+inosine co-coculture treatment for 24 h），H/R+cyclosporine A（Cs A）group（n=3，H/R+Cs A co-culture treatment for 24 h），negative control（NC）group（n=3，conventional cell culture）.Calcein/PI staining was used to detect the activity of HTR-8/SVneo cells （relative positive rate of PI staining）.DHE probe was used to detect the content of active oxygen species （relative fluorescence intensity of active oxygen species）.JC-1 probe was used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential（ratio of green to red fluorescence intensity）.Fluo-4AM probe was used to detect Ca²⁺content in cells （Fluo-4AM relative fluorescence intensity）.mPTP assay kit was used to detect mPTP openness（mPTP relative fluorescence intensity）.The apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry.Real-time fluorescence quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （RT-qPCR）was used to detect the m RNA expression levels of BAX and BCL2.Western blotting detected cleaved Caspase3 protein relative expression level and the ratio of BAX to BCL2（BAX/BCL2）.The above indexes were statistically compared between H/R group and the other three groups，respectively by independent-samples t test.

Results

PI staining relative positive rate，reactive oxygen species relative fluorescence intensity，ratio of green to red fluorescence intensity detected by JC-1 probe，Fluo-4AM relative fluorescence intensity，apoptosis rate，BAX mRNA level，cleaved Caspase3 relative expression and BAX/BCL2 in H/R group was respectively higher than those in NC group，H/R+inosine group and H/R+Cs A group，while the mPTP relative fluorescence intensity and BCL2 mRNA level in H/R group was respectively lower than those in the other three group，and the differences were statistically significant（all with P ＜0.05）.

Conclusions

Inosine can alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting the mPTP opening of HTR-8/SVneo cells，hence suppressing H/R-induced apoptosis of HTR-8/SVneo cells.

Congenital heart disease（CHD）is the leading cause of death among infants with birth defects in China.The intrauterine diagnosis and treatment system for CHD advances the diagnosis and treatment window for severe CHD forward to fetal period，which is beneficial to the early health and long-term prognosis of CHD children.In the past 30 years，significant progress has been made in the fields of prenatal diagnosis，intrauterine intervention，and the establishment of intrauterine treatment systems for CHD at home and abroad.In the future，the innovation of CHD intrauterine diagnosis and treatment technology and improvement of its system will further promote the early diagnosis，early treatment and standardized management of severe CHD，and provide protection for healthy development of children throughout their life cycle.The authors intend to expound the latest research status of intrauterine diagnosis and treatment of CHD at home and abroad，and provide an outlook on intrauterine diagnosis and treatment of CHD in China，aiming to provide a reference for clinical research on improving early life health of CHD children.

Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children，and postoperative pain significantly impacts their recovery.Coblation and intracapsular tonsillotomy are emerging as superior techniques for tonsillectomy，offering advantages such as reducing postoperative pain，fewer complications，and faster recovery.A systematic review based on a large number of clinical studies has confirmed that regular oral administration of ibuprofen and acetaminophen，along with intraoperative dexamethasone，are safe and effective for the treatment of postoperative pain after tonsillectomy.The use of opioids during tonsillectomy in children is effective for immediate postoperative analgesia，but due to its potential risk of respiratory depression，its routine use in children is not recommended.Additionally，alternative therapies such as cold therapy，honey and acupuncture as non-drug components of multimodal analgesia can relieve pain in children after tonsillectomy.Dexmedetomidine and ketamine during tonsillectomy has a certain effect in reducing acute agitation，opioid requirements and auxiliary analgesia in children undergoing tonsillectomy.However，there are still few research data so far，and the research quality is low.Large-sample，multicenter randomized clinical trials are needed for further research and confirmation.Ultrasound-guided glossopharyngeal nerve block（GNB）is effective in treating pain in children after tonsillectomy and is expected to become a new strategy for postoperative analgesia in children after tonsillectomy.The author intends to explain the latest research status of the surgical methods of tonsillectomy and mechanisms of postoperative pain in children after tonsillectomy，as well as the treatment strategies for pain in children after tonsillectomy，aiming to provide guidance for the clinical treatment of pain in such children.

Patent ductus arteriosus（PDA）is a common complication in premature infants.The questions of whether to close it，when to close it，and how to close it have been the focal point of debate in the field of neonatology.Based on the monograph "Confusion andThinking in the Management of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants"written in 2016，the authors intend to give an overview of the classification of PDA in premature infants and the overall trend of PDA management strategies in premature infants，the main current treatment methods for PDA in premature infants，and the indications for active clinical measures to close hemodynamically significant PDA （Hs-PDA）.Combined with the current research progress at home and abroad，the author further discusses the confusion in the management of PDA in premature infants after rethinking，aiming to be helpful for the clinical practice of PDA in premature infants.

Objective

To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment strategies of renal abscesses in children.

Methods

A total of 5 cases of pediatric renal abscess children（child 1-5）admitted to the Department of Pediatrics，General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 2022 to December 2024 were included into study.A retrospective analysis was conducted on general information，clinical manifestations，laboratory tests，imaging findings，treatment plans，and outpatient follow-up results of these 5 children.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University （Ethics Approval No.KYLL-2025-0152），and informed consents were obtained from the guardians of the children for their diagnosis and treatment.

Results

①Among the 5 children，3 cases were male and 2 cases were female，with ages ranging from 3 to 13 years.The clinical manifestations of the 5 children were primarily characterized by recurrent fever，with some children presenting with abdominal pain，vomiting，and urinary tract irritation signs.One child exhibited tenderness on renal percussion，while no other positive physical signs were observed.②Before treatment，all 5 children had elevated peripheral blood white blood cell count（WBC），C-reactive protein （CRP），and erythrocyte sedimentation rate （ESR）.Two children had increased urinary leukocytes，and one child had a positive urine culture，with the pathogen identified as Escherichia coli.③After admission，all 5 children underwent color Doppler ultrasound of the urinary system，enhanced CT of the kidneys，or MRI.Among them，left renal abscess was found in 3 children，and right renal abscess in 2 children.Upper pole abscess was present in 3 children，and lower pole abscess in 2 children.Three children had renal abscess diameters less than 3 mm，while 2 children had diameters greater than 3 mm.Three children exhibited hydronephrosis.Color Doppler ultrasound of the urinary system showed hypoechoic masses within the renal parenchyma with unclear borders，with diameters ranging from 1.7 to 5.0 cm.MRI of the kidneys revealed patchy abnormal signals within the renal parenchyma，with high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging（DWI）and unclear borders；enhanced scanning showed heterogeneous enhancement of the lesions.④All children received conservative treatment.Initial treatment involved intravenous infusion of broadspectrum antibiotics （piperacillin-tazobactam，meropenem，or ertapenem）for anti-infection therapy.However，the therapeutic effect was unsatisfactory，leading to an upgrade in antibiotic treatment.⑤After discharge，all children continued oral antibiotic therapy for more than 14 days.Follow-up within 2 weeks after discharge showed complete resolution of renal abscesses without renal scar formation.No recurrence was observed during the outpatient follow-up period after discontinuation of medication.

Conclusions

The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for the treatment of pediatric renal abscesses has proven to be effective and can be recommended as the first-line therapeutic approach.