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中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版) ›› 2025, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (05) : 516 -524. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2025.05.004

标准·方案·指南

《欧洲内分泌学会指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理》解读
刘俊希, 吴瑾()   
  1. 四川大学华西第二医院小儿内分泌科、出生缺陷与相关妇儿疾病教育部重点实验室,成都 610041
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-26 修回日期:2025-07-22 出版日期:2025-10-01
  • 通信作者: 吴瑾

Interpretation of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care of Girls and Women with Turner Syndrome

Junxi Liu, Jin Wu()   

  1. Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
  • Received:2025-03-26 Revised:2025-07-22 Published:2025-10-01
  • Corresponding author: Jin Wu
  • Supported by:
    Project of Science and Technology Planning by Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province(2023ZYD0120)
引用本文:

刘俊希, 吴瑾. 《欧洲内分泌学会指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理》解读[J/OL]. 中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版), 2025, 21(05): 516-524.

Junxi Liu, Jin Wu. Interpretation of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care of Girls and Women with Turner Syndrome[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2025, 21(05): 516-524.

特纳综合征(TS),又被称为先天性卵巢发育不全综合征,可在患儿各个生命阶段累及多个器官,与患儿身材矮小、青春期延迟、卵巢发育不全、先天性心脏畸形等多种临床表现相关。2024年5月,欧洲内分泌学会(ESE)等颁布《ESE指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理(Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care of Girls and Women with Turner Syndrome)》(以下简称为《本指南》)。《本指南》在《特纳综合征女童及妇女护理临床实践指南:2016年辛辛那提国际特纳综合征会议论文集》[以下简称为《指南(2016)》]的基础上,对TS患儿的早期诊断、治疗、监测评估与相关并发症管理等多方面进行全面阐述与补充指导。笔者拟就《本指南》的重点内容进行解读,旨在为国内儿科医师临床实践提供借鉴与参考。

Turner syndrome (TS), or congenital ovarian dysgenesis syndrome, is a multisystem condition presenting with clinical features such as short stature, delayed puberty, ovarian dysgenesis, and congenital heart defects. In May 2024, the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and partner organizations released an update to the clinical practice guidelines for TS management, titled Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care of Girls and Women with Turner Syndrome (referred to as " the Guidelines" ). Building on the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care of Girls and Women with Turner Syndrome: Proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting (referred to as " 2016 Guidelines" ), the Guidelines provides expanded recommendations on early diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and management of comorbidities in TS, emphasizing multidisciplinary care. This article highlights key aspects of the Guidelines to support clinical practice among pediatricians in China.

图1 基于《本指南》的TS胎儿NIPT联合筛查流程图注:《本指南》是指《欧洲内分泌学会指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理》。NIPT为无创性产前检测。TS为特纳综合征
图2 《本指南》中提示TS患儿可能存在的临床表现/体征图注:《本指南》是指《欧洲内分泌学会指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理》。TS为特纳综合征
图3 基于《本指南》的TS患儿染色体核型-表型相关性分析图注:《本指南》是指《欧洲内分泌学会指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理》。TS为特纳综合征
表1 《本指南》推荐TS患儿青春期诱导的雌激素替代疗法中雌二醇剂量添加方案
表2 基于《本指南》的TS患儿进行ERT的阶段性监测目标
图4 基于《本指南》的TS患儿先天性心脏病筛查流程图注:《本指南》是指《欧洲内分泌学会指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理》。TS为特纳综合征。TTE为经胸超声心动图,CMR为心脏磁共振成像
图5 《本指南》推荐TS患儿主动脉监测频率注:Z值无量纲单位,表示与健康人群主动脉直径平均值的标准偏差数;ASI为主动脉尺寸指数,计算公式为患儿主动脉直径(cm)÷患儿体表面积(m2);AHI为主动脉高度指数,计算公式为主动脉直径(mm)÷身长(m)。《本指南》是指《欧洲内分泌学会指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理》。TS为特纳综合征,BAV为主动脉瓣二叶畸形
图6 基于《本指南》的TS患儿高血压诊疗流程图注:Z值无量纲单位,表示与健康人群主动脉直径平均值的标准偏差数;ASI为主动脉尺寸指数,计算公式为患儿主动脉直径(cm)÷患儿体表面积(m2);AHI为主动脉高度指数,计算公式为主动脉直径(mm)÷身长(m)。《本指南》是指《欧洲内分泌学会指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理》。TS为特纳综合征,BAV为主动脉瓣二叶畸形,ABPM为动态血压监测,ARB为血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂,ACEI为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂
表3 《本指南》推荐TS患儿其他相关并发症的随访监测频率
检测项目 推荐随访监测频率
婴儿期 儿童期(≥2~9岁) 青春前期(≥9~11岁) 青春期(≥12~17岁)
贫血a 根据临床需要 根据临床需要 1次/年 1次/(1~2)年
眼科检查 1次/(6~12)个月 有症状/新异常出现时 有症状/新异常出现时 有症状/新异常出现时
耳镜检查 1次/年,或有症状时 1次/年,或有症状时 临床需要时 临床需要时
行为测听 1次/(2~3)年 1次/(2~3)年 1次/(2~3)年
鼓室图检查 1次/年,直至5岁 1次/年,直至5岁 临床需要时 临床需要时
牙科护理 1次/(6~12)个月 1次/(6~12)个月 1次/(6~12)个月
正畸检查 恒牙萌出后 临床需要时 临床需要时
阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍 1次/年 1次/年 1次/(3~5)年,或存在其他风险因素时 1次/(3~5)年,或存在其他风险因素时
淋巴水肿和皮肤疾病 1次/年 1次/年 1次/年 1次/年
骨骼肌肉疾病(疼痛/骨折) 1次/年 1次/年 1次/年 1次/年
髋关节稳定性 <6个月
维生素D水平筛查 临床需要时 临床需要时 1次/年 1次/(2~3)年
脊柱侧弯 1次/年,直至线形生长完成 1次/年,直至线形生长完成 1次/年,直至线形生长完成 1次/年,直至线形生长完成
乳糜泻b 1次/(2~5)年,或新症状出现时 1次/(2~5)年,或新症状出现时 1次/(2~5)年,或新症状出现时
肝酶检查c 1次/年 1次/年 1次/年 1次/(1~2)年
肾脏超声 肾脏异常诊断时;新诊断为高血压或复发性尿路感染时 肾脏异常诊断时;新诊断为高血压或复发性尿路感染时 肾脏异常诊断时;新诊断为高血压或复发性尿路感染时  
血糖筛查d 临床需要时 1次/年 1次/(1~2)年,或新症状出现时
甲状腺刺激激素检测 1次/(1~2)年,或新症状出现时 1次/(1~2)年,或新症状出现时 1次/(1~2)年,或新症状出现时
自身免疫疾病 存在高风险因素时 1次/年 1次/年
图7 TS患儿各年龄段的主要神经认知特征与《本指南》推荐的相应监测及干预措施注:PEERS为关系技能教育与丰富计划(Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills)。《本指南》是指《欧洲内分泌学会指南:特纳综合征女童与妇女护理》。TS为特纳综合征。ASD为孤独症谱系障碍,ADHD为注意缺陷多动障碍
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