Chinese Medical E-ournals Database
Adv Search
中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版)

Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition) ›› 2022, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (01): 7 -14. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2022.01.002

Forum

Chest radiography imaging manifestations of children with community-acquired pneumonia caused by common pathogens

Yufei Zhao, Hanmin Liu†()   

  • Received:2021-11-22 Revised:2022-01-11 Published:2022-02-01
  • Corresponding author: Hanmin Liu
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2019YFS0037)
HTML ( ) PDF ( )

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most important causes of death in children younger than 5 years old, which contributes large disease burden to both families and society. Multiple pathogens of CAP cause different characteristics in epidemiology, susceptible population, clinical and imaging manifestations. With high diagnostic value in CAP, chest radiography(CR) is cost-efficient and rapid, which can monitor dynamically. The author intends to expound the latest research progresses of clinical characteristics and CR imaging features of children with CAP caused by three kinds of pathogens: ①viruses as causes of CAP including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, influenza (Flu), and parainfluenza viruse (PIV); ②bacteria as causes of CAP including Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Haemophilus influenzae (HI), Escherichia coli (EC), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA); ③ atypical pathogens as causes of CAP including Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), Legionella pneumophila (LP), in order to provide reference for clinical auxiliary diagnosis and early treatment, and to look forward to clinical prospect of CR in diagnosis and treatment of different types of CAP.

Key words: Pneumonia, viral, Pneumonia, bacterial, Community-acquired pneumonia, Atypical pathogens, Chest X-ray, Radiographic image enhancement, Respiratory syncytial viruses, Child
[1]
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015[J]. Lancet, 2016, 388(10053): 1459-1544. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1.
[2]
Balk DS, Lee C, Schafer J, et al. Lung ultrasound compared to chest X-ray for diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia: a Meta-analysis[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2018, 53(8): 1130-1139. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24020.
[3]
Shi T, McAllister DA, O′Brien KL, et al. RSV Global Epidemiology Network. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study[J]. Lancet, 2017, 390(10098): 946-958. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30938-8.
[4]
Obando-Pacheco P, Justicia-Grande AJ, Rivero-Calle I, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality: a global overview[J]. J Infect Dis, 2018, 217(9): 1356-1364. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy056.
[5]
Kobayashi Y, Togo K, Agosti Y, et al. Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in Japan: a nationwide claims database analysis[J]. Pediatr Int, 2021. DOI: 10.1111/ped.14957.
[6]
Driscoll AJ, Arshad SH, Bont L, et al. Does respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory illness in early life cause recurrent wheeze of early childhood and asthma? Critical review of the evidence and guidance for future studies from a World Health Organization-sponsored meeting[J]. Vaccine, 2020, 38(11): 2435-2448. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.020.
[7]
陈媛媛. 重症呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎82例临床特点分析[J]. 中国小儿急救医学， 2021, 28(7): 621-624. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4912.2021.07.016.
[8]
Zhong Q, Feng H, Lu Q, et al. Recurrent wheezing in neonatal pneumonia is associated with combined infection with respiratory syncytial virus and Staphylococcus aureus or Klebsiella pneumoniae[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 995. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19386-y.
[9]
谢囡霭， 周洁， 向子云. 胸部X线片在小儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值[J/CD]. 新发传染病电子杂志， 2021, 6(3): 230-233. DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2021.03.014.
[10]
骆盈莹. 儿童呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎365例临床分析[J]. 广东医学， 2015, 36(16): 2558-2560.
[11]
Gonapaladeniya M, Dissanayake T, Liyanage G. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus associated severe pneumonia in hospitalized children[J]. Int J Pediatr, 2021, 2021: 8269400. DOI: 10.1155/2021/8269400.
[12]
徐卫华， 田克印， 李小双. 儿童腺病毒肺炎58例临床分析[J]. 新医学， 2020, 51(5): 383-386. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2020.05.011.
[13]
Zou L, Yi L, Yu J, et al. Adenovirus infection in children hospitalized with pneumonia in Guangzhou, China. Influenza other respi[J]. Viruses, 2021, 15(1): 27-33. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12782.
[14]
方峰. 儿童腺病毒肺炎的病原诊断与抗病毒治疗[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志， 2020, 35(22): 1681-1684. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101070-20200923-01545.
[15]
Wu PQ, Zeng SQ, Yin GQ, et al. Clinical manifestations and risk factors of adenovirus respiratory infection in hospitalized children in Guangzhou, China during the 2011-2014 period[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020, 99(4): e18584. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018584.
[16]
王岩， 彭芸. 儿童腺病毒肺炎的影像学特点[J]. 中国小儿急救医学， 2019, 26(10): 725-728. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4912.2019.10.002.
[17]
党润， 艾斌， 杨镒宇， 等. 儿童重症腺病毒肺炎不同阶段的临床影像学特征[J]. 分子影像学杂志， 2018, 41(4): 426-430. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1674-4500.2018.04.02.
[18]
樊洪静， 孙文静， 孙建建. 儿童重症腺病毒肺炎不同阶段的临床影像学特征分析[J]. 影像研究与医学应用， 2020, 4(2): 49-50.
[19]
Yu X, Ma Y, Gao Y, et al. Epidemiology of adenovirus pneumonia and risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans in children during an outbreak in Jilin, China[J]. Front Pediatr, 2021, 9: 722885. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.722885.
[20]
吴喜蓉， 刘钢， 钱素云， 等. 住院儿童社区获得性流感病毒肺炎临床特点分析[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志， 2019, 34(2): 129-133. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2019.02.011.
[21]
Mammas IN, Drysdale SB, Rath B, et al. Update on current views and advances on RSV infection (review)[J]. Int J Mol Med, 2020, 46(2): 509-520. DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4641.
[22]
Dharmapalan D. Influenza[J]. Indian J Pediatr, 2020, 87(10): 828-832. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03214-1.
[23]
Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2019-2020[J]. Pediatrics, 2019, 144(4): e20192478. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2478.
[24]
Adômo IF, Tibana TK, Santos RFT, et al. Initial chest X-ray findings in pediatric patients diagnosed with H1N1 virus infection[J]. Radiol Bras, 2019, 52(2): 78-84. DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2018.0030.
[25]
Liu WK, Chen DH, Tan WP, et al. Paramyxoviruses respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and human metapneumovirus infection in pediatric hospitalized patients and climate correlation in a subtropical region of southern China: a 7-year survey[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2019, 38(12): 2355-2364. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03693-x.
[26]
Howard LM, Edwards KM, Zhu Y, et al. Parainfluenza virus types 1-3 infections among children and adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2021, 73(11): e4433-e4443. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa973.
[27]
田树凤， 邓继岿. 儿童副流感病毒感染的临床诊治进展[J]. 中国实用儿科杂志， 2020, 35(11): 905-908. DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2020110618.
[28]
温志红. 儿童肺炎链球菌肺炎诊断及防治策略[J]. 中国临床新医学， 2021, 14(3): 238-244. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-3806.2021.03.04.
[29]
Olarte L, Barson WJ, Barson RM, et al. Pneumococcal pneumonia requiring hospitalization in US children in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2017, 64(12): 1699-1704. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix115.
[30]
Andrade DC, Borges IC, Vilas-Boas AL, et al. Infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with or without radiologically confirmed pneumonia[J]. J Pediatr (Rio J), 2018, 94(1): 23-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2017.03.004.
[31]
王玉静， 刘春峰. 儿童肺炎链球菌坏死性肺炎临床特点分析[J]. 中国小儿急救医学， 2017, 24(1): 50-55. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4912.2017.01.011.
[32]
AlOmran HI. Unilateral double round pneumonia in a child: a case report and literature review[J]. Radiol Case Rep, 2021, 16(11): 3266-3269. DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.07.066.
[33]
Masters IB, Isles AF, Grimwood K. Necrotizing pneumonia: an emerging problem in children？[J]. Pneumonia (Nathan), 2017, 9: 11. DOI: 10.1186/s41479-017-0035-0.
[34]
付盼， 何磊燕， 王传清， 等. 中国儿童细菌耐药监测组2019年儿童细菌耐药监测[J]. 中国循证儿科杂志， 2021, 16(1): 43-50. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.167-5501.2021.01.002.
[35]
Ensinck G, Lazarte G, Ernst A, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in a children′s hospital. Our ten-year experience[J]. Arch Argent Pediatr, 2021, 119(1): 11-17. DOI: 10.5546/aap.2021.eng.11.
[36]
胡亚美， 江载芳. 诸福堂实用儿科学[M]. 8版. 北京： 人民卫生出版社， 2015: 1264-1266.
[37]
Ning G, Wang X, Wu D, et al. The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among children under 5 years of age in mainland China, 2001-2015: a systematic review[J]. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2017, 13(11): 2742-2750. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1371381.
[38]
Khattak ZE, Anjum F. Haemophilus influenzae[M]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2021
[39]
中华医学会儿科学分会感染学组， 中国儿童感染性疾病病原学及细菌耐药监测协作组， 中华儿科杂志编辑委员会. 儿童流感嗜血杆菌感染诊断及治疗专家建议[J]. 中华儿科杂志， 2019, 57(9): 663-668. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2019.09.004.
[40]
Han R, Shi Q, Wu S, et al. Dissemination of carbapenemases (KPC, NDM, OXA-48, IMP, and VIM) among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from adult and children patients in China[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2020, 10: 314. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00314.
[41]
Lai J, Zhu Y, Tang L, et al. Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Escherichia coli infection in neonates from 2012 to 2019 in Xiamen, China[J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2021, 21(1): 295. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05981-4.
[42]
方芳， 李季美， 王应建. 小儿大肠埃希菌肺炎的抗生素治疗[J]. 儿科药学杂志， 2011, 17(2): 10-12.
[43]
范宁， 程新岗， 谢立民. 儿童下呼吸道感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析[J]. 中国感染控制杂志， 2013, 12(2): 137-139. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9638.2013.02.018.
[44]
Russell CJ, Simon TD, Neely MN. Development of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa-positive respiratory cultures in children with tracheostomy[J]. Lung, 2019, 197(6): 811-817. DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00285-6.
[45]
卢锦萍， 罗征秀， 罗健， 等. 儿童铜绿假单胞菌医院获得性肺炎临床特点及危险因素分析[J]. 临床儿科杂志， 2011, 29(8): 728-731. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2011.08.008.
[46]
Choi SY, Choi YJ, Choi JH, et al. Isolated optic neuritis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: report of two cases and literature review[J]. Neurol Sci, 2017, 38(7): 1323-1327. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-2922-9.
[47]
Sndergaard MJ, Friis MB, Hansen DS, et al. Clinical manifestations in infants and children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection[J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(4): e0195288. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195288.
[48]
Huang L, Chen H, Peng S. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, emphysema, and pulmonary bullae associated with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in a child[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2017, 52(10): E77-E80. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23761.
[49]
Sharma L, Losier A, Tolbert T, et al. Atypical pneumonia: updates on Legionella, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma pneumonia[J]. Clin Chest Med, 2017, 38(1): 45-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.011.
[1] Hongyu Tao, Jingjing Ye, Jin Yu, Xiuzhen Yang, Jingjing Qian, Bin Xu, Weize Xu, Qiang Shu. Value of contrast transthoracic echocardiography in assessing right-to-left shunt-related diseases in children[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2024, 21(10): 959-965.
[2] Xiaofei Li, Hongli Liu, Qiuling Shi, Jing Tian, Li Li, Hongbo Qi, Xin Luo. A prospective randomized controlled study of low intensity focused ultrasound uterine involution treatment for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage in natural childbirth women[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(05): 534-539.
[3] Qin Liu, Hanmin Liu, Liang Xie. Current status of research on the role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(05): 564-568.
[4] Yun Xiang, You Lu, Fan Yang. Current research status of correlation between per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and childhood obesity[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(05): 569-574.
[5] Yanan Wang, Dan Liu, Zhengnong Cao, Huimin Jia. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of children with late-onset congenital diaphragmatic hernia[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(04): 410-419.
[6] Guihua Chen, Xiaoling Zhong, Yu Xie, Hui Wang, Jiang Xie, Taoyi Yang. Clinical analysis of the timeliness of vaccination in children with special health care needs complicated with liver disease[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(04): 431-439.
[7] Lili Lei, Xiaofeng Yu, Yuanyuan Wang, Yingjun Xu. Expression and clinical significance of NLRP3 and TLR4 in peripheral blood of children with acute wheezing caused by human rhinovirus[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(04): 440-445.
[8] Panpan Gu, Chuanli ong, Mengyao Song, Sehua Qu, Xiaodi Yang, Rui Zhou. Clinical characteristics and coronary artery lesions in children with incomplete Kawasaki disease[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(04): 446-451.
[9] Xiaoli Yang, Wanfu Li, Zhu Ma, Lan Ma, Yi Zheng, Xiaoli Fu, Jing Wang. Application effect of one-step forceps needle method in laparoscopic high ligation of hernia sac in children[J]. Chinese Journal of Operative Procedures of General Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 18(05): 535-538.
[10] Hebei Ding, Xun Wang, Weiguo Chen. Comparison of application of sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia and propofol intravenous anesthesia in pediatric indirect inguinal hernia surgery[J]. Chinese Journal of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 18(05): 570-574.
[11] Chinese Society of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association, Surgery Group of Chinese Society of Surgery of Chinese Medical Association, Transplantation Group of Chinese Society of Surgery of Chinese Medical Association, South China Alliance of Split Liver Transplantation. Chinese Clinical Practice Guidelines on Split Liver Transplantation in Children[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 13(05): 593-601.
[12] Jun Liu, Wenjing Qiu, Fanghao Sun, Songying Li, Shuhong Yi, Binsheng Fu, Yang Yang, Hui Luo. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro split liver transplantation in pediatric liver transplantation[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 13(05): 688-693.
[13] Chen Zhang, Ming Qin, Juan Dong, Yulong Chen. Diagnostic value of ultrasound in ischemic changes of intestinal volvulus in children[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestion and Medical Imageology(Electronic Edition), 2024, 14(06): 565-568.
[14] Xiaosheng Chen, Jia He, Fang Liu, Rui Wu, Haitao Yang, Xiaohan Fan. Pacemaker implantation in a child with a 31-second cardiac arrest induced by tilt table test: a case report and literature review[J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2024, 18(05): 488-494.
[15] Yali Cao, Yumeng Gao, Yingqian Zhang, Bo Li, Junbao Du, Hongfang Jin. Clinical progress of sitting intolerance in children[J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2024, 18(05): 510-515.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Copyright © Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Medical Multimedia Press  京ICP备14006079号-1  网络出版服务许可证：(署)网出证(京)字第075号