Chinese Medical E-ournals Database

Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition) ›› 2026, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (01): 19 -23. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2026.01.004

Forum

Current research status on neurodevelopmental impairment of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Suqi Wu, Dapeng Chen()   

  1. Department of Neonatology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
  • Received:2025-03-05 Revised:2025-11-03 Published:2026-02-01
  • Corresponding author: Dapeng Chen
  • Supported by:
    Science and Technology Project of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province: Long-term Neurological Outcomes and Precision Rehabilitation Framework for Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants(24ZDYF0141)

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common respiratory disease in preterm infants, especially very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) or extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI). With the development of perinatal medicine and the establishment of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the survival rate of VLBWI or ELBWI has increased significantly, but the prevalence of BPD has a tendency to increase year by year. Compared with non-BPD children, children with BPD have a higher risk of neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI), while the severity grading of BPD increases the risk of long-term NDI, resulting in cerebral palsy (CP), motor dysfunction, developmental disorder, cognitive impairment, neurosensory impairment (NSI), and psychologically related problems in children. This article provides a general overview of the long-term NDI prognosis of BPD and provides a basis for early intervention and treatment.

[1]
Siffel C, Kistler KD, Lewis JFM, et al. Global incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia among extremely preterm infants: a systematic literature review[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2021, 34(11): 1721-1731. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1646240.
[2]
Gilfillan M, Bhandari A, Bhandari V. Diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia[J]. BMJ, 2021, 375: n1974. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1974.
[3]
Northway WH, Rosan RC, Porter DY. Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia[J]. N Engl J Med, 1967, 276(7): 357-368. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM196702162760701.
[4]
Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2001, 163(7): 1723-1729. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2011060.
[5]
Higgins RD, Jobe AH, Koso-Thomas M, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: executive summary of a workshop[J]. J Pediatr, 197: 300-308. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.043.
[6]
Jensen EA, Dysart K, Gantz MG, et al. The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants. An evidence-based approach[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2019, 200(6): 751-759. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201812-2348OC.
[7]
Katz TA, Van-Kaam AH, Zuithoff NPA, et al. Association between bronchopulmonary dysplasia severity and its risk factors and long-term outcomes in three definitions: a historical cohort study[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2024, 110(1): 51-56. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2024-326931.
[8]
Ophelders DRMG, Gussenhoven R, Klein L, et al. Preterm brain injury, antenatal triggers, and therapeutics: timing is key[J]. Cells, 2020, 9(8): 1871. DOI: 10.3390/cells9081871.
[9]
Rantakari K, Rinta-Koski OP, Metsäranta M, et al. Early oxygen levels contribute to brain injury in extremely preterm infants[J]. Pediatr Res, 2021, 90(1): 131-139. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01460-3.
[10]
Kim C, Ufkes S, Guo T, et al. Associations of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and infection with school-age brain development in children born preterm[J]. J Pediatr, 2025, 281: 114524. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2025.114524.
[11]
Dankhara N, Holla I, Ramarao S, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: pathogenesis and pathophysiology[J]. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(13): 4207. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134207.
[12]
李晶晶,宋焕清,冯晓霞,等. 支气管肺发育不良早产儿脐血炎症因子水平变化及其临床意义[J]. 中国实用医刊2023, 50(6): 19-23. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115689-20221101-05252.
[13]
Pierrat V, Marchand-Martin L, Marret S, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 5 among children born preterm: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study[J]. BMJ, 2021, 373: n741. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n741.
[14]
Nguyen KL, Fitzgerald DA, Webb A, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD): a retrospective cohort study[J]. Paediatr Respir Rev, 2024, 50: 23-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2024.02.004.
[15]
Bell EF, Hintz SR, Hansen NI, et al. Mortality, in-hospital morbidity, care practices, and 2-year outcomes for extremely preterm infants in the US, 2013-2018[J]. JAMA, 2022, 327(3): 248-263. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.23580.
[16]
Katz TA, van Kaam AH, Mugie SM, et al. Risk factors for neurodevelopmental impairment at 2- and 5-years corrected age in preterm infants with established bronchopulmonary dysplasia[J]. Neonatology, 2024, 121(1): 125-132. DOI: 10.1159/000533653.
[17]
Gotardo JW, Volkmer NFV, Stangler GP, et al. Impact of peri-intraventricular haemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia in the neurodevelopment of preterms: a systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(10): e0223427. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223427.
[18]
Al-Matary A, Abozaid S, Al Suliman M, et al. Correlation between bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cerebral palsy in children: a comprehensive analysis using the national inpatient sample dataset[J]. Children (Basel), 2024, 11(9): 1129. DOI: 10.3390/children11091129.
[19]
Doyle LW, Mainzer R, Cheong JLY. Systemic postnatal corticosteroids, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and survival free of cerebral palsy[J]. JAMA Pediatr, 2025, 179(1): 65-72. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.4575.
[20]
Malavolti AM, Bassler D, Arlettaz-Mieth R, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia-impact of severity and timing of diagnosis on neurodevelopment of preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study[J]. BMJ Paediatr Open, 2018, 2(1): e000165. DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000165.
[21]
Twilhaar ES, Wade RM, De-Kieviet JF, et al. Cognitive outcomes of children born extremely or very preterm since the 1990s and associated risk factors: a Meta-analysis and Meta-regression[J]. JAMA Pediatr, 2018, 172(4): 361-367. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5323.
[22]
Sériès T, Guillot M, Angoa G, et al. Does growth velocity affect associations between birth weight and neurodevelopment for infants born very preterm[J]. J Pediatr, 2023, 260: 113531. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113531.
[23]
Yazici A, Buyuktiryaki M, Simsek GK, et al. Factors associated with neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia[J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2022, 26(5): 1579-1585. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202203_28224.
[24]
Miller AN, Shepherd EG, El-Ferzli G, et al. Multidisciplinary bronchopulmonary dysplasia care[J]. Exp Rev Respir Med, 2023, 17(11): 989-1002. DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2023.2283120.
[25]
Shepherd EG, Knupp AM, Welty SE, et al. An interdisciplinary bronchopulmonary dysplasia program is associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes and fewer rehospitalizations[J]. J Perinatol, 2012, 32(1): 33-38. DOI: 10.1038/jp.2011.45.
[26]
Orton J, Doyle LW, Tripathi T, et al. Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2024, 2(2): CD005495. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005495.pub5.
[27]
Oliphant EA, Hanning SM, McKinlay CJD, et al. Caffeine for apnea and prevention of neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants: systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. J Perinatol, 2024, 44(6): 785-801. DOI: 10.1038/s41372-024-01939-x.
[28]
Mürner-Lavanchy IM, Doyle LW, Schmidt B, et al. Neurobehavioral outcomes 11 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity[J]. Pediatrics, 2018, 141(5): e20174047. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-4047.
[29]
Raghuveer TS, Zackula RE, Lakhotia R, et al. Systemic steroids and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. J Perinatol, 202646(2):144-154. DOI: 10.1038/s41372-024-02097-w.
[30]
Watterberg KL, Walsh MC, Li L, et al. Hydrocortisone to improve survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia[J]. N Engl J Med, 2022, 386(12): 1121-1131. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2114897.
[1] Jinyi Xiao, Jinmei Zhou, Tao Wang. Ten hot topics of systemic treatment of breast cancer in 2024[J]. Chinese Journal of Breast Disease(Electronic Edition), 2025, 19(02): 76-83.
[2] Shuheng Dong, Qing Sun, Yiming Qu. Vertebroplasty combined with anti osteoporosis drugs for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures[J]. Chinese Journal of Joint Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2025, 19(05): 586-596.
[3] Qian Zheng, Rongping Zhu. Value of early platelet parameters combined with serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in predicting withdrawal failure within 72 hours after first extubation in extremely preterm infants with broncho-pulmonary dysplasia[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2025, 21(06): 681-688.
[4] Xiaotao Yang, Rong Luo. Application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy technology in treatment evaluation of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2025, 21(03): 278-284.
[5] Wenwen Cai, Xia Guo, Ju Gao, Yiping Zhu, Xiaoqian Lu, Xue Yang, Zhi Wan, Shuwen Sun. Efficacy analysis of CCLG-AML-2015 protocol in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2025, 21(02): 195-201.
[6] Fengting Ma, Yunxia Zuo, Jian Zou, Fei Liu. Research status of analgesia management in children undergoing tonsillectomy[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(06): 707-714.
[7] Xinxin Xie, Meiying Han, Chunyan Yang, Qinghua Shen, Fengmin Liu, Cong Li, Dezhi Zhang, Weikai Lei. Early predictive value of combined indicators for moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(06): 611-618.
[8] Qiupin Li, Zhichun Feng. Confusion and rethinking in management of arterial ductus arteriosus in preterm infants[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(06): 591-597.
[9] Lizhen Guo, Tianqun Fan, Xinkai Zhang, Yunhong Jiang, Rong Jin, Dongyun Liu. Risk factors and prognosis analysis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm small for gestational age infants[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 20(02): 209-215.
[10] Tong You, Yuru Huang, Ying Liu, Xingyan Luo, Qin Luo. Analysis of the effect of regular and irregular drug use in the remission period of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Chinese Journal of Lung Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2025, 18(02): 321-325.
[11] Lei Xing, Yu Bu, Minghua Zhang, Jiao Fan. Progress in the resistance mechanisms of tumor cells to the neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 and its countermeasures[J]. Chinese Journal of Cell and Stem Cell(Electronic Edition), 2026, 16(02): 86-93.
[12] Qiuyi Chen, Xi Lin, Zhenyin Liu. Advances in the molecular mechanism of lymphatic malformations[J]. Chinese Journal of Interventional Radiology(Electronic Edition), 2024, 12(04): 374-379.
[13] Zhenxiao Sun, Xiangfen Yu. Research advances in the diagnosis and treatment of onychophagia[J]. Chinese Journal of Diagnostics(Electronic Edition), 2026, 14(01): 17-23.
[14] Zhenxiao Sun, Xiangfen Yu. Research advances in the diagnosis and treatment of olfactory reference disorder[J]. Chinese Journal of Diagnostics(Electronic Edition), 2025, 13(02): 73-78.
[15] Ruifang Hu, Lijuan Fan. Research progress on diagnostic biomarkers of esophageal squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and status of non-endoscopic treatment[J]. Chinese Journal of Diagnostics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 12(04): 281-286.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract