Chinese Medical E-ournals Database

Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition) ›› 2024, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (06): 675 -684. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2024.06.012

Original Article

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus co-infection in an infant:a case report and literature review

Chunyan Huang1, Min Fang2, Yu Zhu1,(), Chaomin Wan1, Qiong Liao1   

  1. 1. Department of Infectious Diseases,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children(Sichuan University),Ministry of Education,West China Second University Hospital,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041,Sichuan Province,China
    2. Department of Pediatrics,The Seventh People's Hospital of Liangshan Prefecture,Xichang 615000,Sichuan Province,China
  • Received:2024-10-11 Revised:2024-11-21 Published:2024-12-01
  • Corresponding author: Yu Zhu

Objective

To explore the clinical characteristics,diagnosis,and treatment process of an infant with hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatitis D virus(HDV)co-infection,and to conduct a literature review.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on an infant with HBV and HDV co-infection who visited West China Second University Hospital,Sichuan University,three times between 2021 and 2023.The clinical manifestations,diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of the infant were analyzed.Chinese and English keywords,including"viral hepatitis B""viral hepatitis D"and"infant"were used to search relevant literature published between January 1,2010,and October 31,2024,in the CNKI,Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform,and Pub Med databases.The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of West China Second University Hospital,Sichuan University(Approval No.2024-225).

Results

The infant,an 8-month and 26-day-old male,was hospitalized three times at the same hospital,his specific diagnosis and treatment process was as follows.①On August 26,2021,the infant was hospitalized for the first time at the case collection hospital due to"skin ecchymosis for 14 d and jaundice for 10 d".Liver function tests showed that his alanine aminotransferase(ALT)was normal,aspartate aminotransferase(AST)was 87 U/L (slightly higher than normal),total bilirubin(TB)was 90.8μmol/L,direct bilirubin (DBIL)was 62.0μmol/L,and total bile acid(TBA)was 202.8 μmol/L,and all were higher than normal.HBV DNA was 2.05×108 copies/m L.The discharge diagnosis of this infant was infantile cholestatic liver disease,vitamin K-dependent factor deficiency,and HBV infection;the suspected diagnosis was citrin deficiency,abnormal mitochondrial energy metabolism,or others.The infant was treated with intramuscular vitamin K1,oral compound glycyrrhizin,and ursodeoxycholic acid,along with vitamin AD and E supplementation.After treatment,his symptoms improved,and the infant was discharged after a liver biopsy.After discharge,the liver biopsy indicated moderate chronic hepatitis B(CHB)(G2-3S3)with interface hepatitis(+3),lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration(+1),hepatocyte rosette formation(+1),and no significant bile duct changes(-3).②On October 13,2021,the infant was hospitalized again due to worsening jaundice and elevated liver function markers.Liver function tests showed that his ALT was normal,AST was 120 U/L,TB concentration was 49.3μmol/L,and DBIL concentration was 38.1μmol/L,and all were higher than normal.The diagnosis was updated to severe CHB.On October 22,2021,oral lamivudine at a dose of 34 mg per administration,once daily,was started for anti-HBV treatment,and ursodeoxycholic acid tablets were additionally administed to reduce to bile acid levels.The infant was discharged after the skin jaundice was relieved,and continued to take the above-mentioned drug t reatment regimen after discharge.③On May 11,2022,the infant was hospitalized for the third time due to poor response to previous HBV treatment.HDV antigen and immunoglobulin(Ig)M antibody tests were positive (23.25 S/CO and 88.71 S/CO,respectively).HBV resistance gene sequencing revealed an M204I mutation,indicating resistance to lamivudine and telbivudine.So lamivudine was discontinued,and tenofovir combined with interferon was initiated.After adjusting the medication,the infant was discharged from hospital in a stable condition.The diagnosis was updated to CHB and hepatitis D.After discharge,the infant continued this regimen,showing significant reductions in HBV antigen and DNA levels,with normalized liver enzymes and bile acids during outpatient follow-up.④Literature review results:based on the search strategy,22 relevant articles were identified(16 international and 6 domestic).Only one article reported symptoms of fever,nausea,and diarrhea in children with HBV and HDV co-infection.None of the 22 articles reported the co-infection rate or outcomes in infants.

Conclusions

Tenofovir combined with interferon is effective in managing HBV and HDV co-infection in infants.Current research on HBV and HDV co-infection in infants is limited,with few reports on clinical symptoms and treatment outcomes.

图1 本研究HBV 合并HDV 感染患儿第1次于病例收集医院住院时的肝脏穿刺活检病理图(HE染色) 注:患儿肝活检病理图显示,共查见约15个门管区;肝细胞水样变性,约2%肝细胞大泡性脂肪变性,可见肝细胞再生呈花环状,小叶内见散在点状及灶状坏死,局灶肝细胞内淤胆,中度界面性肝炎;门管区较多淋巴细胞、单核细胞及散在浆细胞、中性粒细胞浸润,CK7染色结果显示周围小胆管显著增生,Foot及Masson染色显示纤维组织增生及门管区扩大,纤维间隔形成,部分分隔肝小叶,小叶结构紊乱。免疫组化:HBs Ag(+,15%),HBc Ag(+,15%),IgG4(-),CD38(散在+);罗丹宁染色可见局灶交界带胆盐沉积,PAS可见脂肪变性,普鲁士蓝染色及D-PAS未见明显异常。HBV 为乙型肝炎病毒,HDV 为丁型肝炎病毒。CK7 为细胞角蛋白,HBs Ag为乙型肝炎表面抗原,HBc Ag为乙型肝炎核心抗原,Ig为免疫球蛋白,PAS为过碘酸-Schiff反应,D-PAS 淀粉酶消化后过碘酸-Schiff反应,HE为苏木精-伊红
图2 本研究HBV 合并HDV 感染患儿第3次于住院治疗的肝脏穿刺活检病理图(HE染色) 注:患儿肝活检病理图显示,共查见约12个门管区;肝细胞水样变性,部分气球样变,少数细胞大泡性脂肪变性,可见肝细胞再生呈花环状,小叶内见散在点状及灶状坏死,轻-中度界面性肝炎;门管区较多淋巴细胞、单核细胞及少量浆细胞、中性粒细胞浸润,周围小胆管显著增生,Foot及Masson染色显示纤维组织增生及门管区扩大,纤维间隔形成,部分分隔肝小叶,小叶结构紊乱。免疫组化:HBSAg(+,90%),HBc Ag(胞浆+),CK7(胆管+),IgG4(-),CD38(少数+);EBERI/2-ISH(-);罗丹宁染色可见交界带胆盐沉积,普鲁士蓝染色、PAS及D-PAS见明显异常。HBV 为乙型肝炎病毒,HDV 为丁型肝炎病毒。CK7为细胞角蛋白7,HBs Ag为乙型肝炎表面抗原,HBc Ag为乙型肝炎核心抗原,Ig为免疫球蛋白,EBERI/2-ISH 为通过原位杂交检测EB 病毒感染,PAS为过碘酸-Schiff反应,D-PAS为淀粉酶消化后过碘酸-Schiff反应,HE为苏木精-伊红
表1 本研究HBV 合并HDV 感染患儿治疗前、后不同时间点各项检查指标比较
表2 本研究纳入的22篇HBV 合并HDV 感染患儿相关研究文献复习结果
文献(第1作者,发表年) 国家或地区 研究时间 研究纳入样本量(例) HBsAg阳性[例数(%)] HBV合并HDV感染[例数(%)] HBV合并HDV合并感染者中婴儿分布情况
Nunes[5],2021 巴西东北部 2012—2016年 3 983 92(2.31) 8(8.69) 未明确报道
Sellier[3],2018 法国巴黎 2004—2015年 742 742(100.00) 22(2.96) 无一例婴儿
Jackson [6],2020 基里巴斯 2017年 219 61(27.85) 25(40.98) 仅1例为4岁幼儿
François-Souquière[7],2015年 非洲中部 2015年 442 74(16.74) 33(44.59) 未明确报道
Jain[8],2013 印度北部 2013年 267 11(4.12) 1(9.09) 未明确报道
De Paschale[9],2012 意大利北部 2012年 488 488(100.00) 24(4.91) 未明确报道
Aftab[10],2018 巴基斯坦 2016—2017年 1 890 266(14.07) 39(14.66) 未明确报道
Özgenç[11],2013 土耳其 2013年 170 170(100.00) 3(1.76) 均为儿童(包含婴儿)
Cabezas[12],2020 秘鲁 2010年 67 2(2.98) 2(100.00) 无一例婴儿
Scarponi[13],2019 巴西 2020年 498 498(100.00) 31(6.22) 未明确报道
Behzadi [14],2019 伊朗南部 2016—2017年 562 14(2.49) 3(21.42) 未明确报道
Froeschl[15],2021 坦桑尼亚姆贝亚 2002—2009年 36 3(8.33) a 0~5岁患儿
Aliasi-Sinai[16],2023 非洲中西部 2012—2019年 385 385(100.00) 12(3.11) 未明确报道
Ampah[17],2016 加纳奥芬河谷 2013年 1 323 107(8.08) 9(8.41) 未明确报道
Cabezas[18],2020 秘鲁 2019—2020年 3 165 38(1.20) 2(5.26) 无一例婴儿
Braga[19],2012 巴西西部 2005—2006年 787 65(8.26) 21(32.30) 未明确报道
孙小淅[20],2023 中国云南省 2020—2022年 1 790 1 790(100.00) 125(6.98) 未明确报道
张丽娟[21],2014 中国新疆维吾尔自治区 2013年 380 380(100.00) 96(25.26) 未明确报道
王莉[22],2024 中国甘肃省 2017—2022年 672 672(100.00) 1(0.15) 未明确报道
权彤彤[23],2014 中国昆明市 2010—2014年 250 250(100.00) 33(13.2) 未明确报道
徐志远[24],2023 中国南京市 2012—2021年 65 185 14 936(22.91) 158(1.06) 未明确报道
陈晓华[25],2011 中国武汉市 2008—2010年 156 156(100.00) 16(10.26) 未明确报道
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