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中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版) ›› 2019, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (01) : 57 -62. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2019.01.010

所属专题: 经典病例 文献

论著

甲基丙二酸血症被误诊为血液系统疾病二例分析并文献复习
管贤伟1, 孙云1, 马定远1, 王彦云1, 蒋涛1,()   
  1. 1. 南京医科大学附属妇产医院遗传医学中心 210004
  • 收稿日期:2018-08-07 修回日期:2018-12-29 出版日期:2019-02-01
  • 通信作者: 蒋涛

Methylmalonic acidemia misdiagnosed as hematologic diseases: two cases report and literatures review

Xianwei Guan1, Yun Sun1, Dingyuan Ma1, Yanyun Wang1, Tao Jiang1,()   

  1. 1. Center for Genetic Medicine, Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu Province, China
  • Received:2018-08-07 Revised:2018-12-29 Published:2019-02-01
  • Corresponding author: Tao Jiang
  • About author:
    Corresponding author: Jiang Tao, Email:
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(81541064, 81671475); Medical Research Project of Jiangsu Health and Family Planning Commission(H201343); Key Project of Medical Technology Development in Nanjing City(ZKX14041); Project of Nanjing Science and Technology Development Plan(201405041)
引用本文:

管贤伟, 孙云, 马定远, 王彦云, 蒋涛. 甲基丙二酸血症被误诊为血液系统疾病二例分析并文献复习[J]. 中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版), 2019, 15(01): 57-62.

Xianwei Guan, Yun Sun, Dingyuan Ma, Yanyun Wang, Tao Jiang. Methylmalonic acidemia misdiagnosed as hematologic diseases: two cases report and literatures review[J]. Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition), 2019, 15(01): 57-62.

目的

探讨甲基丙二酸血症(MMA)的临床特征及其被误诊为血液系统疾病的原因,并进行相关文献复习。

方法

选择2016年11月2日及2017年2月25日,于南京医科大学附属妇产医院收治的被误诊为血液系统疾病的2例MMA患儿为研究对象,其年龄分别为5个月与15岁。对这2例MMA患儿的诊疗过程进行回顾性分析。采用基于高通量测序技术的遗传代谢病基因Panel测序法对患儿家系进行致病基因突变分析。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求。设定检索策略,以"甲基丙二酸血症""误诊""血常规""MMA"等为关键词,对万方数据库、中国知网等数据库中关于MMA的文献进行检索,设定检索时间为2000年1月1日至2017年12月31日。

结果

①患儿1于出生后1个月时误诊为小细胞低色素性贫血,5个月时确诊为MMA。其血液高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测(HPLC-MS/MS)结果提示,丙酰肉碱(C3)浓度为3.2 μmoL/L,C3/乙酰肉碱(C2)为0.34,C3/游离肉碱(C0)为0.22;尿液气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)检测结果提示,尿甲基丙二酸值为20 μg/μmoL肌酐;血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)浓度为40 μmol/L。血常规检查结果显示,血红蛋白(Hb)为105 g/L。其基因检测结果提示,基因突变位点为MMACHC c.80G>A/c.609G>A。该例患儿最终被确诊为MMA合并高同型半胱氨酸血症,属于cblC型。②患儿2于出生后6个月误诊为血小板减少,15岁时确诊为MMA。其血液HPLC-MS/MS检查结果提示,C3浓度为7.22 μmo/L,C3/C2为0.32,C3/C0为0.82;尿液GC/MS检测结果提示尿甲基丙二酸值为14.02 μg/μmoL肌酐;血清Hcy浓度为80 μmol/L;血常规检查结果提示Hb为103 g/L,血小板计数为85×109/L。其基因检测结果提示,基因突变位点为MMACHC c.482G>A/c.609G>A。该例患儿最终被确诊为MMA合并高同型半胱氨酸血症,属于cblC型。③2例患儿均被误诊为血液系统疾病并采取输血、给予铁剂和激素等对症治疗,均无明显临床疗效。2例患儿确诊为MMA后,给予羟钴胺肌内注射(1 mg/d),以及左卡尼汀、甜菜碱、亚叶酸钙口服治疗1个月,复查血常规结果提示各项指标均在正常参考值范围,并且病情稳定。

结论

MMA的临床表现无特异性,部分患儿易误诊为血液系统疾病,血液HPLC-MS/MS、尿液GC/MS和基因检测是诊断MMA的有效方法。

Objective

To investigate the clinical characteristics of methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and review the related literatures, aiming at improving the clinicians′ recognition of MMA.

Methods

On November 2, 2016 and February 25, 2017, two children with MMA who were misdiagnosed as hematological diseases were selected as research subjects. The clinical data of this 2 children were collected from Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University. Their ages were 5-month and 15-year old, respectively. A retrospective analysis of the diagnosis and treatment processes of the 2 children with MMA was conducted, and a search strategy was set. The key words were " methylmalonic academia" " misdiagnosis" " blood routine" and " MMA" . Literatures on MMA were searched in Wanfang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Database, etc.. The retrieval period was from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2017. The genetic metabolic disease gene Panel sequencing based on high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the mutation of the pathogenic gene. This study met the requirements of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki revised in 2013.

Results

①Case 1 was misdiagnosed as small cell hypochromic anemia at 1 month old, and she was diagnosed as MMA at 5 months old. The results of high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) showed that propionylcarnitine (C3) was 3.2 μmoL/L, C3/ acetylcarnitine (C2) was 0.34, C3/free carnitine (C0) was 0.22. The results of urine gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed that the urine methylmalonic acid value was 20 μg/μmoL creatinine. The concentration of serum homocysteine (Hcy) was 40 μmol/L. Blood routine examination showed hemoglobin (Hb) was 105 g/L. The results of gene detection indicated that the mutation site of the gene was MMACHC c. 80G>A/c.609G>A. This girl was finally diagnosed as MMA complicated with hyperhomocysteinemia, belonging to cblC type. ② Case 2 was misdiagnosed as thrombocytopenia at 6 months old, and this boy was diagnosed as MMA at the age of 15. HPLC-MS/MS results showed that C3 was 7.22 μmo/L, C3/C2 was 0.32, C3/C0 was 0.82. Urine GC/MS results showed that urine methylmalonic acid was 14.02 μg/μmoL creatinine. Serum Hcy concentration was 80 μmol/L. Blood routine examination showed that Hb was 103 g/L and platelet count was 85×109/L. The results of gene detection indicated that mutation site of the gene was MMACHC c. 482G>A/c.609G>A. This boy was finally diagnosed as MMA complicated with hyperhomocysteinemia, belonging to cblC type. ③The two children were misdiagnosed as hematological diseases and received treatment such as blood transfusion, iron treatment and hormone administration, etc., with no obvious clinical effects. After two children were diagnosed with MMA, they were given intramuscular injection of hydroxycobalamin (1 mg/d) and oral administration of L-carnitine, betaine and calcium folinate for 1 month. The results of blood routine examination showed that all indexes were within the normal reference range and the condition was stable.

Conclusions

The clinical manifestations of MMA are nonspecific, and some children are easily misdiagnosed as blood system diseases. Blood HPLC-MS/MS, urine GC/MS and gene detection are effective methods for diagnosing MMA.

表1 本研究2例MMA患儿及6篇文献报道的6例MMA患儿的实验室检查结果比较
表2 本研究2例MMA患儿及6篇文献报道共计6例MMA患儿临床诊治情况
作者(患儿),文献发表年 性别 发病时间 确诊年龄 临床表现 致病基因 突变位点 治疗及随访
本研究患儿1,2019 生后1个月 5个月龄 小细胞低色素性贫血 MMACHC c.80G>A/ c.609G>A 采取羟钴铵+左卡尼汀+甜菜碱治疗。末次随访血液HPLC-MS/MS结果正常,血清Hcy值为23 μmol/L,患儿肌张力稍低下
本研究患儿2,2019 生后6个月 15岁 血小板计数低 MMACHC c.482G>A/c.609G>A 采取羟钴铵+左卡尼汀+甜菜碱治疗。末次随访血液HPLC-MS/MS结果正常,血清Hcy值为17 μmol/L,患儿学习成绩良好
陈佳等[7],2014 生后20 d 67 d龄 血小板计数低 不详 不详 采取肌内注射维生素B12(1 mg/d),静脉滴注左旋肉碱(500 mg/d)治疗。无随访记录
庄超等[8],2016 3岁7个月 2016年3月 粒细胞系、淋细胞巴系、巨核细胞系增生活跃 不详 不详 给予低蛋白饮食,采取肌内注射维生素B12等治疗。无随访记录
张玮娜等[9],2015 1个月8 d 3个月龄 溶血性贫血 不详 不详 采取肌内注射维生素B12 (1 mg/ 2 d),口服亚叶酸钙(3.75 mg/d),口服左旋肉碱[100 mg/(kg·d)] ,口服甜菜碱(每次3 000 mg/d)治疗。无随访记录
胡晓明等[10],2017 生后17 d 24 d龄 骨髓增生异常综合征 不详 不详 采取肌内注射维生素B12(每次500 μg,每周2~3次),口服左卡尼汀[50~100 mg/(kg·d)],口服亚叶酸钙[0.5~1.5 mg/(kg·d)],口服甜菜碱1~3 g/d治疗。无随访记录
宋文良等[11],2015 生后6个月 7个月龄 骨髓增生活跃 不详 不详 采取静脉滴注维生素B12(120 mg/d)及左卡尼汀[100 mg/(kg·d)]治疗。因家属要求终止治疗,患儿出院后死亡
臧文涛等[12],2015 生后5 d 2个月龄 贫血 MMACHC 不详 采取肌内注射维生素B12(1 mg/d),口服叶酸片、左卡尼汀、甜菜碱及抗感染、补液等对症支持治疗。无随访记录
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