As women of childbearing age postpone childbearing, ovarian dysfunction and resulting subfertility are becoming increasingly pronounced. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a devastating blow to women of childbearing age who have reproductive needs. As a reproductive organ, the ovary has a relatively limited reproductive lifespan, and the decline in ovarian function is generally irreversible. Once ovarian dysfunction occurs, the number of remaining follicles in the ovaries gradually depletes within a few years. Therefore, early diagnosis of POI is crucial. The causes of POI in women of childbearing age are complex and diverse, and the pathogenesis remains unclear. Although women with POI still have an approximately 5% chance of spontaneous pregnancy, traditional assisted reproductive technologies currently cannot meet the reproductive needs of POI patients. Oocyte donation remains the most effective fertility treatment option for these patients. Advances in ovarian stimulation, in vitro activation (IVA), mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), stem cell therapy (SCT), platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy, as well as immunotherapy and other treatments, are offering more options for POI patients. However, most of these technologies are still in the basic research stage, and the risks of future clinical application remain unclear. The author intends to explain the latest research status on the causes of POI patients and the fertility treatment options that POI patients may choose, aiming to explore the advantages and limitations of various treatment options, and provide a reference for developing fertility plans for patients with POI.