With the development of molecular biology techniques, molecular diagnosis and treatment technologies can significantly improve the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients by precisely identifying the characteristics of tumor cells. Molecular diagnostic techniques for tumors mainly focus on analyzing the molecular features of tumor cells, including multiple levels such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer, an increasing number of molecular targeted therapeutic drugs have been developed. Among them, the most widely used are poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and anti-angiogenic drugs, while others include immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), and targeted drugs for other human signaling pathways. The main difficulty in molecular diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer lies in its heterogeneity. We need to develop more precise molecular typing methods and provide more targeted treatments for them. The focus of molecular diagnosis and treatment is to formulate individualized treatment plans through comprehensive analysis of patients′ genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. The hotspots in the field of molecular diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer mainly include the application of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer, new ADC, research on drug resistance mechanisms, and the clinical application of artificial intelligence in complex data analysis. The author intends to systematically elaborate on the latest research status of the application of molecular diagnostic techniques in the clinical diagnosis of ovarian cancer, the clinical application of molecular targeted therapeutic drugs for ovarian cancer, the clinical exploration of new molecular targeted therapeutic drugs, and the clinical application of immunotherapy for ovarian cancer, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical application of molecular diagnosis and treatment for ovarian cancer patients.