Chinese Medical E-ournals Database

Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition) ›› 2024, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (03): 322 -330. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2024.03.011

Original Article

Neonatal congenital intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt with disseminated intravascular coagulation as the initial manifestation: 2 cases report and literature review

Juan Mei1, Xuwei Tao1,()   

  1. 1. Department of Neonatology, Wuhan Children′s Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430016, Hubei Province, China
  • Received:2023-12-20 Revised:2024-04-05 Published:2024-06-01
  • Corresponding author: Xuwei Tao
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2023AFB888)
Objective

To explorer the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (CIPSVS) with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) as the initial manifestation in neonates.

Methods

Two neonates (patient 1, 2) with CIPSVS who presented with DIC as the initial manifestation on April 17 and 18, 2022, at Wuhan Children′s Hospital were selected as the study subjects. Their clinical case data were retrospectively analyzed, and relevant literature on neonatal CIPSVS in domestic and foreign databases was reviewed. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Wuhan Children′s Hospital (Approval No. 2021R050-E01). The guardians of the children were informed consent for the diagnosis and treatment, and signed the informed consent forms.

Results

① Both patient 1, 2 initially presented with clinical manifestations of DIC right after birth, such as skin bruising or hemorrhagic spots, which were diagnosed as portal-hepatic vein fistula (CIPSVS type Ⅱ) and patent ductus venosus (PDV) (CIPSVS type Ⅴ) by abdominal color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) and abdominal CT/MRI, respectively. Patient 1, 2 exhibited progressive liver function impairment during the course of their illness and complicated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). After medical treatment with anti-DIC and liver protection measures, both patients improved and were discharged from the hospital, with regular follow-up outside the hospital. Their prognosis were good with closure of the type Ⅱ shunt and PDV. ② Literature review results: a literature review of 28 cases of neonatal CIPSVS, including patient 1, 2 in this study, revealed that the main laboratory findings of neonatal CIPSVS were abnormal liver function and metabolism, including abnormal transaminas or cholestasis (78.6%), hyperammonemia (32.1%), hypoglycemia (14.3%), as well as other findings like coagulation dysfunction (25.0%), respiratory distress (21.4%), decreased platelet count (PLT) (21.4%), and pulmonary hypertension (PH) (17.9%). CDUS could be used as a preliminary diagnostic method for the disease before and after childbirth, and abdominal angiography was the gold standard for diagnosis. After conservative medical treatment, abnormal shunts in 53.6% of children reduced or spontaneously closed, and surgical intervention was needed in 35.7% of children. Most children had a good prognosis, with only 3 (10.7%) children resulting in death.

Conclusions

Neonatal CIPSVS is a rare clinical condition, and its main clinical manifestations are related to abnormal liver synthesis and metabolic functions. When neonates present with unexplained severe DIC, the possibility of this disease should be considered, and treatment should be individualized.

图1 患儿1(男性,生后3 h)上腹部MRI检查结果[图1A:轴切面见肝中静脉增粗,门静脉迂曲扩张(箭头所示);图1B:冠状面见肝中静脉与门静脉异常吻合,吻合处血管宽径约为4.7 mm(箭头所示)]  图2 患儿2(男性,生后3 h)腹部影像学检查结果[图2A:肝脾CDUS显示门静脉左支矢状部上端-下腔静脉入口处可见异常管道(PDV,内径约为5 mm)(箭头所示);图2B:腹腔大血管CT检查可见门静脉左支与下腔静脉肝段之间异常分流(PDV)(箭头所示)]注:患儿1为先天性肝内门体静脉分流患儿,患儿2为先天性肝内门体静脉分流患儿。PDV为静脉导管未闭,CDUS为彩色多普勒超声
表1 28例CIPSVS新生儿的诊断、临床特点、治疗及预后
患儿编号 文献(第1作者,发表年) 初步诊断检查方法 明确诊断检查方法 CIPSVS分型 主要临床表现(肝功能异常/代谢异常/肝脾大)
产前CDUS 新生儿腹部CDUS 新生儿腹部增强CT/MRI 新生儿腹部血管造影
患儿1 本研究 Ⅱ型 肝功能异常、肝脾大
患儿2 本研究 PDV 肝功能异常、肝脾大
患儿3 Zhang[5],2020 Ⅲ型 肝功能异常、高氨血症
患儿4 李晓菲[6],2016 Ⅲ型
患儿5 Kamali[7],2019 PDV 肝功能异常
患儿6 Beard[8],2017 Ⅱ型 肝功能异常、高氨血症
患儿7 Sharma[9],2013 PDV 肝功能异常、高氨血症、肝脾大
患儿8 Yamaguchi[10],2016 PDV 肝功能异常
患儿9 Chacko[11],2016 PDV 肝功能异常
患儿10 Poeppelman[12],2018 PDV 肝功能异常、高氨血症、低血糖
患儿11 Schierz[13],2011 PDV 肝功能异常
患儿12 Schierz[13],2011 PDV 肝功能异常
患儿13 Van Houdt[14],2021 PDV 高氨血症
患儿14 Ghasemi-Rad[15],2022 PDV 低血糖
患儿15 Avula[16],2021 Ⅲ型 肝功能异常、高氨血症
患儿16 Gorsi[17],2020 Ⅰ型 肝功能异常、高氨血症、低血糖
患儿17 Gorsi[17],2020 Ⅱ型 肝功能异常
患儿18 Kashgari[18],2020 Ⅱ型 肝功能异常
患儿19 Plut[19],2019 Ⅱ型 肝功能异常、高氨血症
患儿20 Weigert[20],2018 Ⅰ型 肝功能异常、低血糖
患儿21 Gong[21],2015 Ⅰ型 肝功能异常
患儿22 Gong[21],2015 Ⅱ型 肝功能异常
患儿23 Tanya[22],2013 Ⅱ型
患儿24 Thukral[23],2013 Ⅰ型 肝功能异常、高氨血症、肝脾大
患儿25 Doǧan[24],2016 Ⅱ型 肝功能异常、肝大
患儿26 Bellettini[25],2016 Ⅱ型 肝功能异常
患儿27 谢恩萍[26],2017 PDV 肝大
患儿28 夏梦雯[27],2022 PDV
患儿编号 其他临床表现 合并症 治疗 随访及预后
患儿1 DIC(凝血功能异常、PLT减少、皮下出血),PH PDA 对症支持治疗 随访至16月龄,Ⅱ型分流闭合,预后好
患儿2 DIC(凝血功能异常、PLT减少、皮下出血) PDA 对症支持治疗 随访至9月龄,PDV闭合,预后好
患儿3 凝血功能异常 房间隔缺损 手术结扎 术后Ⅲ型分流闭合,随访至22月龄,预后好
患儿4 对症支持治疗 随访至16月龄,Ⅲ型分流闭合,预后好
患儿5 介入封堵术 术后PDV闭合,随访至5月龄,预后好
患儿6 肾衰竭 鸟氨酸氨甲基转移酶缺乏症 对症支持治疗 死亡
患儿7 凝血功能异常、PLT减少 介入封堵术 术后PDV分流量减少,随访至4周龄,预后好
患儿8 凝血功能异常、PLT减少 21-三体综合征 对症支持治疗 随访至8月龄,PDV分流量减少,预后好
患儿9 介入封堵术 术后PDV闭合,随访至9周龄,预后好
患儿10 凝血功能异常 主动脉弓离断、室间隔缺损、PDA 对症支持治疗 随访至6周龄,PDV闭合
患儿11 呼吸困难 PDA、卵圆孔未闭 对症支持治疗 日龄17 d时PDV闭合,随访至2岁,预后好
患儿12 呼吸困难、代谢性酸中毒 PDA 对症支持治疗 日龄25 d时PDV闭合,随访至14月龄,预后好
患儿13 PDA、宫内发育迟缓 对症支持治疗 随访至6月龄,PDV分流量减少
患儿14 卵圆孔未闭、PDA、皮肤血管瘤 介入封堵术 术后PDV闭合,随访至2岁,预后良好
患儿15 PH、呼吸困难 门静脉与肝静脉间动脉瘤 介入封堵术 术后Ⅲ型分流闭合,随访至6月龄,预后良好
患儿16 呼吸困难 介入封堵术 术后Ⅰ型分流闭合,症状改善出院
患儿17 介入封堵术 术后Ⅱ型分流闭合,症状改善出院
患儿18 对症支持治疗 随访至3月龄,Ⅱ型分流量减少
患儿19 十二指肠梗阻 对症支持治疗 6月龄时Ⅱ型分流闭合
患儿20 凝血功能异常 非致密化心肌病、高胰岛素血症 介入封堵术 术后Ⅰ型分流闭合,随访至3月龄,预后良好
患儿21 PLT减少 21-三体综合征 对症支持治疗 Ⅰ型分流量减少,预后好
患儿22 PDA、宫内发育迟缓 对症支持治疗 Ⅱ型分流量减少,预后好
患儿23 PLT减少、心力衰竭、PH 21-三体综合征 介入封堵术 术后Ⅱ型分流闭合,随访至4月龄预后好
患儿24 RH溶血性黄疸 对症支持治疗 随访至2岁4月龄,Ⅰ型分流量减少,预后好
患儿25 对症支持治疗 6月龄时Ⅱ型分流闭合,预后好
患儿26 宫内发育迟缓 对症支持治疗 2岁时Ⅱ型分流量减少,预后好
患儿27 PH、心功能不全、呼吸困难 房间隔缺损、髂动脉-脐静脉瘘 对症支持治疗 死亡
患儿28 PH、心功能不全、呼吸困难 卵圆孔未闭、PDA、心包积气 对症支持治疗 死亡
[1]
Chaturvedi A, Klionsky NB, Saul D. Ultrasound with Doppler evaluation of congenital hepatic vascular shunts[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2018, 48(11): 1658-1671. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-018-4247-0.
[2]
Bernard O, Franchi-Abella S, Branchereau S, et al. Congenital portosystemic shunts in children: recognition, evaluation, and management[J]. Semin Liver Dis, 2012, 32(4): 273-287. DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1329896.
[3]
周梦洁,陈文娟. 新生儿静脉导管未闭研究进展[J]. 临床儿科杂志2015, 33(2): 188-190. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2015.02.022.
[4]
中华医学会血液学分会血栓与止血学组. 弥散性血管内凝血诊断中国专家共识(2017年版)[J]. 中华血液学杂志2017, 38(5): 361-363. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2017.05.001.
[5]
Zhang JS, Li L. Laparoscopic ligation of portosystemic shunt for the treatment of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in one newborn infant[J]. Pediatr Surg Int, 2020, 36(12): 1501-1506. DOI: 10.1007/s00383-020-04753-6.
[6]
李晓菲,吴青青,王莉,等. 先天性肝内门-体静脉分流胎儿期及产后超声诊断一例[J]. 中华围产医学杂志2016, 19(11): 833-835. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-9408.2016.11.009.
[7]
Kamali L, Moradi M, Ebrahimian S, et al. Patent ductus venosus in an infant with direct hyperbilirubinemia[J]. Clin Case Rep, 2019, 7(7): 1430-1434. DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2266.
[8]
Beard L, Wymore E, Fenton L, et al. Lethal neonatal hyperammonemia in severe ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency compounded by large hepatic portosystemic shunt[J]. J Inherit Metab Dis, 2017, 40(1): 159-160. DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9985-2.
[9]
Sharma R, Crowley J, Squires R, et al. Neonatal acute liver failure complicated by patent ductus venosus: diagnosis and management[J]. Liver Transpl, 2013, 19(9): 1049-1052. DOI: 10.1002/lt.23709.
[10]
Yamaguchi H, Kosugiyama K, Honda S, et al. Down syndrome with patent ductus venosus and hepato-biliary-pancreatic abnormalities[J]. Indian J Pediatr, 2016, 83(1): 78-80. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-015-1797-0.
[11]
Chacko A, Kock C, Joshi JA, et al. Patent ductus venosus presenting with cholestatic jaundice in an infant with successful trans-catheter closure using a vascular plug device[J]. Indian J Radiol Imaging, 2016, 26(3): 377-382. DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.190419.
[12]
Poeppelman RS, Tobias JD. Patent ductus venosus and congenital heart disease: a case report and review[J]. Cardiol Res, 2018, 9(5): 330-333. DOI: 10.14740/cr777w.
[13]
Schierz IA, La Placa S, Giuffrè M, et al. Transient hepatic nodular lesions associated with patent ductus venosus in preterm infants[J]. Am J Perinatol, 2011, 28(3): 177-180. DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1265829.
[14]
Van Houdt M, van der Merwe J, Gewillig M, et al. Prenatal 3D-ultrasound diagnosis of isolated intrahepatic portal-systemic shunt with intact ductus venosus: a case report and literature review[J]. Radiol Case Rep, 2021, 16(5): 1173-1178. DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.02.037.
[15]
Ghasemi-Rad M, Smuclovisky E, Cleveland H, et al. Endovascular treatment of a portosystemic shunt presenting with hypoglycemia; case presentation and review of literature[J]. Clin Imaging, 2022, 83: 131-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.12.020.
[16]
Avula SK, Verma S, Ram A, et al. Rare cause of neonatal pulmonary hypertension: congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt through an aneurysm[J]. Ann Pediatr Cardiol, 2021, 14(2): 220-223. DOI: 10.4103/apc.APC_68_20.
[17]
Gorsi U, Kalra N, Gupta P, et al. Endovascular transjugular occlusion of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt using simultaneous fluoroscopy and transabdominal ultrasound guidance: report of 2 cases[J]. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol, 2020, 49(1): 64-66. DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2018.03.007.
[18]
Kashgari A, Al Otibi M. Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunt[J]. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2020, 7(1): 56-57. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2020.03.004.
[19]
Plut D, Gorjanc T. A case of a newborn with an intrahepatic congenital portosystemic venous shunt with concurrent congenital duodenal web[J]. Acta Radiol Open, 2019, 8(6): 2058460119854173. DOI: 10.1177/2058460119854173.
[20]
Weigert A, Bierwolf J, Reutter H, et al. Congenital intrahepatic portocaval shunts and hypoglycemia due to secondary hyperinsulinism: a case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep, 2018, 12(1): 336. DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1881-y.
[21]
Gong Y, Zhu H, Chen J, et al. Congenital portosystemic shunts with and without gastrointestinal bleeding - case series[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2015, 45(13): 1964-1971. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-015-3417-6.
[22]
Tanya Chun P, Chun T, Files M, et al. Percutaneous embolization of congenital portosystemic venous fistula in an infant with down syndrome[J]. Case Rep Vasc Med, 2013, 2013: 127023. DOI: 10.1155/2013/127023.
[23]
Thukral A, Arora K, Das RR, et al. Congenital portosystemic venous shunt in a preterm Rh-isoimmunized infant[J]. Indian J Pediatr, 2013, 80(12): 1053-1055. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-013-0972-4.
[24]
Doǧan G, Düzgün F, Tarhan S, et al. Neonatal cholestasis as initial presentation of portosystemic shunt: a case report[J]. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2016, 6(4): 331-334. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2016.08.007.
[25]
Bellettini CV, Wagner R, Sette Balzanelo A, et al. Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt diagnosed during intrauterine life[J]. Rev Paul Pediatr, 2016, 34(3): 384-387. DOI: 10.1016/j.rpped.2016.03.003.
[26]
谢恩萍,张国庆,步军. 新生儿先天性门体静脉分流合并髂动脉-脐静脉瘘一例报告并文献复习[J]. 中华新生儿科杂志(中英文), 2017, 32(4): 287-290. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2096-2932.2017.04.011.
[27]
夏梦雯,赵永锋,周平. 静脉导管未闭继发心脏积气1例[J]. 中国医学影像技术2022, 38(1): 77. DOI: 10.13929/j.issn.1003-3289.2022.01.018.
[28]
Cytter-Kuint R, Slae M, Kvyat K, et al. Characterization and natural history of congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunts[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2021, 180(6): 1733-1737. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-03949-9.
[29]
Fugelseth D, Kiserud T, Liestøl K, et al. Ductus venosus blood velocity in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 1999, 81(1): F35-F39. DOI: 10.1136/fn.81.1.f35.
[30]
Greene AK, Kim S, Rogers GF, et al. Risk of vascular anomalies with Down syndrome[J]. Pediatrics, 2008, 121(1): e135-e140. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1316.
[31]
DiPaola F, Trout AT, Walther AE, et al. Congenital portosystemic shunts in children: associations, complications, and outcomes[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2020, 65(4): 1239-1251. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05834-w.
[32]
Kim MJ, Ko JS, Seo JK, et al. Clinical features of congenital portosystemic shunt in children[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2012, 171(2): 395-400. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-011-1564-9.
[33]
Francois B, Gottrand F, Lachaux A, et al. Outcome of intrahepatic portosystemic shunt diagnosed prenatally[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2017, 176(12): 1613-1618. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-3013-x.
[34]
Paganelli M, Lipsich JE, Sciveres M, et al. Predisposing factors for spontaneous closure of congenital portosystemic shunts[J]. J Pediatr, 2015, 167(4): 931-935.e12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.06.073.
[35]
Fahmy DM, Mitchell PD, Jonas MM. Presentation, management, and outcome of congenital portosystemic shunts in children: the Boston children′s hospital experience[J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2022, 75(1): 81-87. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003450.
[36]
严志龙,陈其民,傅立军,等. 儿童先天性门体分流的诊治[J]. 中华小儿外科杂志2023, 44(9): 811-815. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn421158-20220208-00075.
[37]
Papamichail M, Pizanias M, Heaton N. Congenital portosystemic venous shunt[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2018, 177(3): 285-294. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-3058-x.
[1] Lin Ma, Chihan Peng, Xiaoxia Zhu, Hongxia Fan, Jiali Yang, Yan Luo. Quantitative evaluation of hepatic microcirculation perfusion in rats with different types of portal vein stenosis after 70% hepatectomy by contrast-enhanced ultrasound: an experimental study[J]. Chinese Journal of Medical Ultrasound (Electronic Edition), 2024, 21(01): 83-89.
[2] Xin Lu, Xin Wei, Zhibin Wang. Clinical efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: a meta-analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Critical Care Medicine(Electronic Edition), 2023, 16(02): 123-129.
[3] Qiao Lin, Li Zhou. Clinical effect analysis of RFA combined with LAH in the treatment of primary liver cancer with portal vein cancer embolus[J]. Chinese Journal of Operative Procedures of General Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 18(05): 521-524.
[4] Xian Mo, Chuang Yang. Meta-analysis of risk factors for portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Chinese Journal of Operative Procedures of General Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2023, 17(06): 678-683.
[5] Zhida Geng, Xingxin Yu, Yu Liu, Yingjian Liang. Research progress on portal vein system thrombosis and its mechanism after splenectomy[J]. Chinese Journal of Operative Procedures of General Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2023, 17(01): 110-113.
[6] Xingyu Luo, Zhe Yang, Shusen Zheng. Exploring the classification of portal vein thrombosis and portal vein reconstruction strategies in liver transplantation[J]. Chinese Journal of Transplantation(Electronic Edition), 2023, 17(06): 372-380.
[7] Qifan Liu, An Jiang. Progress in non-invasive measurement of portal vein pressure in cirrhotic portal hypertension[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 13(03): 270-275.
[8] Yu Zhang, Lingxiang Yu, Liang Zhao, Ning Zhang, Dexi Zhao, Guanghao Diao, Muyi Yang, Jia Liu, Peng Li, Hui Ren. Efficacy of rivaroxaban in prevention of portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy combined with pericardial devascularization[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 13(02): 195-199.
[9] Yixiao Tang, Xinyu He, Xiao Xu, Qiang Wei. Research progress in hepatic blood flow control technology during hepatectomy[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 13(02): 134-139.
[10] Rishun Su, Yi Lu, Baoding Zhuang, Yi Zhang, Yanjie Li, Jianliang Xu. Influencing factors of portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy in patients with cirrhotic hyperplenism[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2024, 13(01): 39-44.
[11] Di Wang, Shaocheng Lyu, Jincan Huang. Pancreatic metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma with portal vein invasion: a case report[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2023, 12(04): 457-460.
[12] Jiayin Guo, Jie Xu, Zuojin Liu. Laparoscopic ALPPS of right lobe: report of one case (video attached)[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2023, 12(03): 345-347.
[13] Shiming Li, Wei Huang, Ling Liu. Mechanism of high mobility group box protein 1 mediated sepsis-induced coagulopathy and treatment progress[J]. Chinese Journal of Critical Care & Intensive Care Medicine(Electronic Edition), 2023, 09(03): 269-273.
[14] Haoran Cui, Junpeng Gu, Weixin Ren. Progress in the treatment of liver cancer with portal vein thrombosis based on TACE[J]. Chinese Journal of Interventional Radiology(Electronic Edition), 2024, 12(01): 64-69.
[15] Zong Zhuang, Qi Zhu, Shijie Na, Tao Liu, Haiping Ling, Yuhua Zhang, Boqiang Cao, Chunhua Hang, Qingrong Zhang. Individualized treatment strategy for ruptured distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm[J]. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2023, 17(03): 200-206.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract