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中华妇幼临床医学杂志(电子版)

Chinese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics(Electronic Edition) ›› 2019, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (02): 143 -149. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2019.02.004

Special Issue: ；

Original Article

Risk factors of renal involvement in children with primary Henoch-Schönlein purpura in the early stage

Xiaomei Sun1, Yang Cao1, Liang Dai1, Feiyang Sun1, Liqun Dong1,†()   

  1. 1. Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
  • Received:2018-10-30 Revised:2019-03-15 Published:2019-04-01
  • Corresponding author: Liqun Dong
  • About author:
    Corresponding author: Dong Liqun, Email:
  • Supported by:
    Scientific Research Project of Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province(16P238); Project of Pediatric Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province(2017-46-4); the Forth Baili Scientific Research Project of Chinese Journal of Pediatrics(B2016-C-3); Clinical Medical Research Project of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University(K012)
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Objective

To explore the risk factors of renal involvement in children with primary Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura (HSP) in the early stage, and provide clinical references for early intervention of HSP these children with risk factors of renal involvement.

Methods

A total of 1 402 children with primary HSP who hospitalized in Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University from January 2011 to December 2015 were included in this study. According to whether combined with renal involvement or not in the early stage of HSP, these children were divided into the renal involvement group (n=423) and control group (n=979, without renal involvement). Their demographic data and clinical manifestation were collected by retrospective method. Constituent ratios of gender, age of onset, residential area, season of onset and duration from symptoms onset to diagnosis, and incidences of skin rash, gastrointestinal symptoms, joint swelling and pain, renal involvement, angioneurotic edema, and nervous system involvement in the early stage were compared between two groups by chi-square test. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the risk factors of renal involvement in children with HSP in the early stage. This study was in line with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki revised in 2013. The guardians of all children signed the clinical research informed consents.

Results

①Among the 1 402 children with HSP, 423 cases (30.17%) occurred renal involvement in the early stage of onset, 937 cases (66.84%) with gastrointestinal symptoms, 609 cases (43.33%) with joint swelling and pain, 352 cases (25.11%) with angioneurotic edema, 31 cases (2.21%) with nervous system involvement, and all cases (100%) with skin rash. ②Univariate analysis of the influencing factors of renal involvement in the early stage of HSP showed that there were statistically significant differences between two groups in constituent ratios of age of onset, season of onset, and duration from symptoms onset to diagnosis (χ2=53.682, P<0.001; χ2=11.990, P=0.007; χ2=14.635, P<0.001). And the proportions of children lived in rural areas, without joint swelling or pain and with angioneurotic edema in renal involvement group all were statistically higher than those in control group, and all the differences were statistically significant (χ2=10.032, P=0.002; χ2=6.514, P=0.011; χ2=6.362, P=0.012). ③Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis results showed that the onset age of HSP≥5 years old (≥5-7 years old, OR=2.23, 95%CI: 1.42-3.51, P<0.001; ≥7-9 years old, OR=2.38, 95%CI: 1.51-3.76, P<0.001; ≥9 years old, OR=4.11, 95%CI: 2.65-6.36, P<0.001), onset in the autumn (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.09-2.37, P=0.014) and winter (OR=1.79, 95%CI: 1.09-2.37, P=0.001), the duration from symptoms onset to diagnosis ≥8 d (OR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.17-2.17, P=0.004), living in rural areas (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.07-1.76, P=0.012) and combined with angioneurotic edema (OR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.32-2.31, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for renal involvement in children with HSP in the early stage. While combined with joint swelling and pain (OR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.60-0.99, P=0.038) was independent protective factors for renal involvement in children with HSP in the early stage.

Conclusions

Results in this study first show that HSP children combined with angioneurotic edema have high risk of renal involvement in the early stage of HSP and reconfirm that onset age of HSP ≥5 years old, onset in autumn or winter, duration from symptoms onset to diagnosis ≥8 d, and residence in rural areas all are the independent risk factors for renal involvements in children with primary HSP in the early stage.

Key words: Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch, Risk factors, Angioedema, Renal involvement, Early stage of onset, Age of onset, Complications, Child
表1 1 402例过敏性紫癜患儿发病早期的临床资料分析[例数(%)]
临床资料 构成比/发生率 临床资料 构成比/发生率
性别 ? 发病季节 ?
? 男 746(53.21) ? 春季 278(19.83)
? 女 656(46.79) ? 夏季 254(18.12)
发病年龄(岁) ? ? 秋季 325(23.18)
? <5 213(15.19) ? 冬季 545(38.87)
? ≥5～7 391(27.89) 皮疹 1 402(100.00)
? ≥7～9 342(24.39) ? 轻度 976(69.61)
? ≥9 456(32.53) ? 重度 426(30.39)
居住地区 ? 胃肠道症状 937(66.83)
? 农村 630(44.94) 关节肿痛 609(43.44)
? 城市 772(55.06) 肾脏受累 423(30.17)
发病至确诊时间(d) ? 血管神经性水肿 352(25.11)
? ≤3 777(55.42) 神经系统受累 31(2.21)
? >3～8 352(25.11) ? ? ?
? ≥8 273(19.47) ? ? ?
表2 2组过敏性紫癜患儿发病早期肾脏受累影响因素的单因素分析结果[例数(%)]
组别 例数 发病年龄 发病季节 性别
<5岁 ≥5～7岁 ≥7～9岁 ≥9岁 春季 夏季 秋季 冬季 男 女
肾脏受累组 423 32(7.6) 103(24.3) 99(23.4) 189(44.7) 113(26.7) 58(13.7) 67(15.9) 185(43.7) 236(55.8) 187(44.2)
对照组 979 181(18.5) 288(29.4) 243(24.8) 267(27.3) 212(21.7) 220(22.4) 186(19.0) 360(36.7) 510(52.1) 469(47.9)
χ2值 ? 53.682 11.990 1.622
P值 ? <0.001 0.007 0.203
组别 例数 发病至确诊时间 居住地 胃肠道症状 药物或食物变态反应史
≤3 d >3～8 d ≥8 d 农村 城市 无 轻度 严重 是 否
肾脏受累组 423 48(11.3) 89(21.0) 286(67.7) 260(61.5) 163(38.5) 142(33.6) 168(39.7) 113(26.7) 205(48.5) 218(51.5)
对照组 979 190(19.4) 350(35.8) 439(44.8) 512(52.3) 467(47.7) 323(33.0) 432(44.1) 224(22.9) 446(45.6) 533(54.4)
χ2值 ? 14.635 10.032 3.178 1.003
P值 ? <0.001 0.002 0.204 0.316
组别 例数 皮疹 神经系统受累 关节肿痛 血管神经性水肿
轻度 重度 有 无 有 无 有 无
肾脏受累组 423 287(67.8) 136(32.2) 9(2.1) 414(97.9) 162(38.3) 261(61.7) 125(29.5) 298(70.5)
对照组 979 689(70.4) 290(29.6) 22(2.2) 957(97.8) 447(45.7) 532(54.3) 227(23.2) 752(76.8)
χ2值 ? 0.893 0.021 6.514 6.362
P值 ? 0.345 0.885 0.011 0.012
表3 过敏性紫癜患儿发病早期肾脏受累影响因素的多因素非条件logistic回归分析的变量含义及赋值情况
自变量/因变量 变量名 赋值
肾脏受累 y y＝0表示未合并肾脏受累；y＝1表示合并肾脏受累
性别 x1 x1＝1表示男性；x1＝2表示女性
发病年龄 x2 x2＝1表示发病年龄<5岁；x2＝2表示发病年龄为≥5～7岁；x2＝3表示发病年龄为≥7～9岁；x2＝4表示发病年龄≥9岁
发病季节 x3 x3＝1表示于春季发病；x3＝2表示于夏季发病；x3＝3表示于秋季发病；x3＝4表示于冬季发病
居住地 x4 x4＝1表示居住于农村；x4＝2表示居住于城市
药物或食物变态反应史 x5 x5＝0表示无药物或食物变态反应史；x5＝1表示有药物或食物变态反应史
发病至确诊时间 x6 x6＝1表示发病至确诊时间≤3 d；x6＝2表示发病至确诊时间为>3～8 d；x6＝3表示发病至确诊时间≥8 d
皮疹 x7 x7＝0表示轻度皮疹；x7＝1表示重度皮疹
胃肠道症状 x8 x8＝1表示未合并胃肠道症状；x8＝2表示合并轻度胃肠道症状；x8＝3表示合并重度胃肠道症状
关节肿痛 x9 x9＝0表示未合并关节肿痛；x9＝1表示合并关节肿痛
血管神经性水肿 x10 x10＝0表示未合并血管神经性水肿；x10＝1表示合并血管神经性水肿
神经系统受累 x11 x11＝0表示未合并神经系统受累；x11＝1表示合并神经系统受累
表4 过敏性紫癜患儿发病早期肾脏受累影响因素的多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果
影响因素 B SE Wald值 P值 OR值 OR值95%CI
发病年龄(岁) ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ≥5～7 0.802 0.231 12.093 <0.001 2.23 1.42～3.51
? ≥7～9 0.867 0.233 13.836 <0.001 2.38 1.51～3.76
? ≥9 1.413 0.223 40.126 <0.001 4.11 2.65～6.36
女性 －0.172 0.124 1.928 0.165 0.84 0.66～1.07
发病季节 ? ? ? ? ? ?
? 春季 0.207 0.208 0.996 0.318 1.23 0.82～1.85
? 秋季 0.487 0.198 6.072 0.014 1.61 1.09～2.37
? 冬季 0.573 0.180 10.149 0.001 1.79 1.09～2.37
居住于农村 0.316 0.126 6.342 0.012 1.37 1.07～1.76
药物或食物变态反应史 0.239 0.126 3.635 0.057 1.27 0.86～1.12
发病至确诊时间(d) ? ? ? ? ? ?
? >3～8 0.185 0.150 1.521 0.218 1.2 0.90～1.62
? ≥8 0.461 0.158 8.462 0.004 1.59 1.17～2.17
重度皮疹 －0.051 0.135 0.142 0.706 0.95 0.73～1.24
胃肠道症状 ? ? ? ? ? ?
? 轻度 －0.084 0.146 0.331 0.565 0.92 0.69～1.22
? 重度 0.212 0.165 1.642 0.200 1.24 0.89～1.71
关节肿痛 －0.264 0.128 4.286 0.038 0.77 0.60～0.99
血管神经性水肿 0.556 0.143 15.067 <0.001 1.74 1.32～2.31
神经系统受累 －0.139 0.432 0.104 0.747 0.87 0.37～2.03
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