To investigate the clinicopathological features of the uterine vascular leiomyoma and to improve the understanding of clinical gynecologists for it.

We retrospectively analysed the clinical and pathological data of 26 cases of uterine vascular leiomyoma from 1998 to 2004, of which all patients were treated by operations and all specimens were confirmed by pathologic examination. Also the cases were followed up postoperation.

Being a type of rare, special leiomyoma, the prevalence of uterine vascular leiomyoma had been increasing recently. Menstruation changes presented the most common clinical features accompanying with anemia. It was difficult to distinguish vascular leiomyoma from common myoma of uterus by B Ultrasound in most situations. Color Doppler Ultrasound had certain advantages in adjuvant diagnosis. This type of leiomyoma had the similar operation pattern with common ones but the pathologic changes are different.

Considering that it is rich in vessels, further diagnosis should be prompted by Color Doppler Ultrasound when the vascular leiomyoma is suspected by B Ultrasound. We should treat it positively because its main clinical feature is bleeding caused by menstruation changes which can lead to anemia. Careful preparation is needed before operation because hemorrhage is severer in vascular leiomyoma than in the common ones during operation. As for the big vascular leiomyoma, we should get ourselves ready for possible difficult surgery. If needed, blood should be prepared for operation use.