未成年罪犯共患注意缺陷多动障碍的父母教养方式调查

doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1673-5250.2012.02.014

目的

探讨未成年罪犯共患注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)与普通ADHD青少年父母教养方式间的差异。

方法

随机选择广东省佛山市禅城区某看守所2006年7月1日至2007年7月1日在押未成年男性罪犯(初犯、汉族)中确诊为ADHD者41例纳入研究组；选择同期佛山市第一人民医院神经心理科初诊的ADHD患者38例(男性、汉族)纳入对照组。ADHD诊断采用《Vanderbilt ADHD评定量表》中的《Vanderbilt ADHD家长评定量表》(VADPRS)。父母教养方式进行评定采用《父母教养方式量表》(EMBU)(本研究遵循的程序符合广东省佛山市第一人民医院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准，得到该委员会批准，分组征得受试者监护人的同意，并与其签订临床研究知情同意书)。

结果

有关父亲情感、温暖与理解，严厉惩罚，拒绝否认，过分干涉，过度保护和过分偏爱方面及母亲严厉惩罚，拒绝否认，过分干涉，过度保护和过分偏爱，情感、温暖与理解等父母教养方式方面，研究组父母存在更多不良教养方式，两组比较，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组父亲、母亲教养方式在情感、温暖与理解，严厉惩罚，过分干涉，拒绝否认方面与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)；而对照组父亲、母亲教养方式只在严厉惩罚和过分干涉方面比较，差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)，而在情感、温暖与理解，拒绝否认方面比较，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。另外，两组在父母偏爱方面比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)，说明未成年罪犯共患ADHD者父母教养方式存在更严重分歧。两组父母高文化程度(中专、大专)与低文化程度(小学、初中)间比较，差异有统计学意义(P＝0.001)，说明研究组父母文化程度显著低于对照组。研究组残缺型家庭(母亡∕父亡、离异)较对照组多，且两组残缺型家庭与完整型家庭比较，差异有统计学意义(P＝0.01)。

结论

未成年罪犯共患ADHD的父母教养方式与普通ADHD青少年不同，主要表现为家庭残缺率高、父母文化程度偏低、不良教养方式更多及父母教养方式存在更大分歧。

关键词: 未成年罪犯, 注意缺陷多动障碍, 共患病, 父母教养方式

Objective

To explore differences of parental rearing patterns between juvenile crime and delinquency with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and common ADHD adolescents.

Methods

A total of 41 cases of juvenile crime and delinquency with ADHD, male, Han nationality, were selected randomly from the detention center of Foshan during July 1, 2006 to July 1, 2007, and they were included into research group. In the same period, a total of 38 adolescents, male and Han nationality, which were diagnosed as ADHD for the first time by neural psychiatrist at Foshan First People's Hospital were administered as control group. There had no significant differences on ages and other diseases between two groups (P>0.05). The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Investigation in Human Being of Foshan First People's Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from each participate. ADHD were diagnosed by Vanderbilt ADHD parent Rating Scale (VADPRS). Parental rearing patterns between two groups were investigated by parental rearing patterns scale (EMBU).

Results

There had significant differences between two groups' father and mother, including warmth of feeling & understanding, punishment, refusal and repudiation, fulsome interference, fulsome protection, partiality (P<0.05). Compared with the rearing style of father and mother of research group, they had statistical differences (P<0.001) on warmth of feeling & understanding, punishment, refusal and repudiation, fulsome interference, fulsome protection, but parents in control group only had the significant differences on punishment and fulsome interference (P<0.001). But there has no significant difference (P>0.05) on partiality between two groups. It showed that there was more serious divergence about the consistency of parental rearing style in research group. Compared education level of patients between two groups, there were statistics difference (P<0.05) between higher education level and lower education level. The parents' education level in research group was remarkably lower than that in control group. The research group had more incomplete families than that in control group, and the difference of two groups on the integrity were statistical (P=0.01).

Conclusions

There were differences of parental rearing patterns between juvenile crime & delinquency with ADHD and common ADHD adolescents, which performed on family incomplete, parents' low cultural level, bad rearing style and inconsistency of parental rearing style.

Key words: delinquent junior, ADHD, comorbidity, parental rearing patterns

表1 研究组和对照组父母教养方式结果比较(±s)

Table 1 Comparison of different parenting approaches between delinquent junior group and control group(±s)

组别	父亲						母亲
组别	情感、温暖与理解	严厉惩罚	过分干涉	过分偏爱	拒绝否认	过度保护	情感、温暖与理解	过分干涉	拒绝否认	严厉惩罚	过度保护和过分偏爱
研究组	30.15±4.07	31.61±2.65	28.27±2.60	12.29±2.77	17.00±3.28	13.15±2.31	33.53± 4.16	56.00±3.51	25.33±3.60	21.75±3.78	12.10±2.59
对照组	44.42±9.70	20.11±5.38	21.95±6.05	10.61±3.50	12.42±4.51	11.97±2.84	48.87±10.41	43.53±8.74	14.32±5.55	14.34±6.60	10.37±3.59
t	－8.413	11.904	5.953	2.386	5.131	2.019	－8.468	8.197	10.336	6.040	2.432
P	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.019	0.001	0.047	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.018

表1 研究组和对照组父母教养方式结果比较(±s)

Table 1 Comparison of different parenting approaches between delinquent junior group and control group(±s)

组别	父亲						母亲
组别	情感、温暖与理解	严厉惩罚	过分干涉	过分偏爱	拒绝否认	过度保护	情感、温暖与理解	过分干涉	拒绝否认	严厉惩罚	过度保护和过分偏爱
研究组	30.15±4.07	31.61±2.65	28.27±2.60	12.29±2.77	17.00±3.28	13.15±2.31	33.53± 4.16	56.00±3.51	25.33±3.60	21.75±3.78	12.10±2.59
对照组	44.42±9.70	20.11±5.38	21.95±6.05	10.61±3.50	12.42±4.51	11.97±2.84	48.87±10.41	43.53±8.74	14.32±5.55	14.34±6.60	10.37±3.59
t	－8.413	11.904	5.953	2.386	5.131	2.019	－8.468	8.197	10.336	6.040	2.432
P	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.019	0.001	0.047	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.018

表2 研究组和对照组父母教养方式一致性比较(±s)

Table 2 Comparison of consistency of parenting approaches between delinquent junior group and control group (±s)

组别		情感、温暖与理解	严厉惩罚	拒绝否认	过分干涉	过度保护和过分偏爱
研究组		?	?	?	?	?
?	父亲	3.85±7.35	29.30±5.83	15.30±3.94	27.07±3.63	11.52±2.56
?	母亲	36.99±7.21	19.10±4.83	22.41±5.51	52.38±6.61	11.81±2.40
?	z	－4.25	－7.28	－6.70	－7.47	－0.27
?	p	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.79
对照组		?	?	?	?	?
?	父亲	44.42± 9.70	20.11±5.38	12.42±4.51	21.95±6.05	10.61±3.50
?	母亲	48.87±10.41	14.34±6.60	14.32±5.55	43.53±8.74	10.37±3.59
?	z	－1.83	－3.63	－1.69	－7.38	－0.36
?	p	0.07	0.00	0.09	0.00	0.72

表2 研究组和对照组父母教养方式一致性比较(±s)

Table 2 Comparison of consistency of parenting approaches between delinquent junior group and control group (±s)

组别		情感、温暖与理解	严厉惩罚	拒绝否认	过分干涉	过度保护和过分偏爱
研究组		?	?	?	?	?
?	父亲	3.85±7.35	29.30±5.83	15.30±3.94	27.07±3.63	11.52±2.56
?	母亲	36.99±7.21	19.10±4.83	22.41±5.51	52.38±6.61	11.81±2.40
?	z	－4.25	－7.28	－6.70	－7.47	－0.27
?	p	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.79
对照组		?	?	?	?	?
?	父亲	44.42± 9.70	20.11±5.38	12.42±4.51	21.95±6.05	10.61±3.50
?	母亲	48.87±10.41	14.34±6.60	14.32±5.55	43.53±8.74	10.37±3.59
?	z	－1.83	－3.63	－1.69	－7.38	－0.36
?	p	0.07	0.00	0.09	0.00	0.72

表3 研究组与对照组患者父母文化程度分布[n(%)]

Table 3 Education level distribution of patients between delinquent junior group and control group [n(%)]

组别		n	低文化程度		高文化程度
组别		n	小学	初中	中专	大学
父亲		?	?	?	?	?
?	研究组	41	13	11	13	4
?	对照组	38	3	7	19	9
母亲		?	?	?	?	?
?	研究组	41	14	13	13	1
?	对照组	38	5	9	18	6
χ²		?	?	?	?	?
?	父亲	?	8.35
?	母亲	?	6.65
P		?	?	?	?	?
?	父亲	?	0.004<0.01
?	母亲	?	0.01<0.05

表3 研究组与对照组患者父母文化程度分布[n(%)]

Table 3 Education level distribution of patients between delinquent junior group and control group [n(%)]

组别		n	低文化程度		高文化程度
组别		n	小学	初中	中专	大学
父亲		?	?	?	?	?
?	研究组	41	13	11	13	4
?	对照组	38	3	7	19	9
母亲		?	?	?	?	?
?	研究组	41	14	13	13	1
?	对照组	38	5	9	18	6
χ²		?	?	?	?	?
?	父亲	?	8.35
?	母亲	?	6.65
P		?	?	?	?	?
?	父亲	?	0.004<0.01
?	母亲	?	0.01<0.05

表4 研究组和对照组家庭完整性比较[n(%)]

Table 4 Comparison of family integrity between delinquent junior group and control group [n(%)]

组别	n	残缺型家庭			完整型家庭
组别	n	母亡	父亡	离异	完整型家庭
研究组	41	1(2.4)	0(0.0)	26(63.4)	14(34.1)
对照组	38	0(0.0)	1(2.6)	5(13.2)	32(84.2)
合计	79	2(2.5)		31(39.2)	46(58.2)

表4 研究组和对照组家庭完整性比较[n(%)]

Table 4 Comparison of family integrity between delinquent junior group and control group [n(%)]

组别	n	残缺型家庭			完整型家庭
组别	n	母亡	父亡	离异	完整型家庭
研究组	41	1(2.4)	0(0.0)	26(63.4)	14(34.1)
对照组	38	0(0.0)	1(2.6)	5(13.2)	32(84.2)
合计	79	2(2.5)		31(39.2)	46(58.2)

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Relationship Between Juvenile Crime and Delinquency With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Parental Rearing Patterns

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Relationship Between Juvenile Crime and Delinquency With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Parental Rearing Patterns